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five major mass extinctions, and about 20 minor ones, have occurred over the past 540 million years. The extinctions that occurred some 225 million years ago, at the end of the Permian period (the most severe of all mass extinctions, wiping out, for example, over 90 percent of shallow-water marine species), and some 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period, are particularly well known. Almost half of all known species disappeared in the Cretaceous extinction, including all remaining dinosaurs and many marine animals.

Gilman, L. (2014). Extinction. In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030871/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=5c1da9ec

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Many theorists use the adult neuropsychological model of impaired and intact cognitive modules to explain genetic disorders.
Paterson, S. J., Brown, J. H., Gsodl, M. K., Johnson, M. H., & Karmiloff-Smith, A. (1999). Cognitive Modularity and Genetic Disorders. Science, 286(5448), 2355. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A58576665/PPGS?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=PPGS&xid=8517f0e5

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Jellyfish muscles look almost identical to the striated muscle found in vertebrates. For a long time biologists thought the two shared a common ancestor. But in fact the jellyfish have evolved independently.

Hejnol, A. (2012). Muscle's dual origins: jellyfish move using a set of muscles that look remarkably similar to striated muscles in vertebrates. However, new data show that the two muscle types contain different molecules, implying that they evolved independently. Nature, 487(7406), 181+. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A297138366/PPGS?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=PPGS&xid=3ea1a746

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A biome is a major, geographically extensive (but usually defined) ecosystem, mainly characterized by its dominant life form (or structural characteristics of the dominant organisms). Freedman, B. (2014). Biome. In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030287/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=da9a4040

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Bulimia is an eating disorder  that is characterized by a large amount of consumption in a short period of time, followed by purging the body of the calories.

Most people with this condition do in fact, recognize that their behavior is not normal, but they can't help it.

Davidson, T., Cataldo, L. J., & Brogan, R. F. (2015). Bulimia nervosa. In J. L. Longe (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/THMUSY469726007/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=d5d46de3

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"Anorexia nervosa is a psychological eating disorder in which a distortion in the perception of body image leads to an unreasonable fear of weight gain and preoccupation with dieting and thinness, resulting in excessive, sometimes life-threatening, weight loss while the individuals continue to feel overweight and fail to acknowledge that their weight is a medical problem. Anorexia nervosa can be fatal." The trigger for anorexia can vary and difficult to identify, but  typically  dieting is the culprit.
Davidson, T. (2015). Anorexia nervosa. In J. L. Longe (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/VFILAS612945407/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=4ecaa27d

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"Cellular respiration is the process by which a living cell produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water from oxygen and organic fuel. It is a catabolic pathway that involves the release of stored energy from the break down of complex molecules to more simple ones."

"Respiration, cellular." World of Biology, Gale, 2006. Science In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2431500539/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=c58a3cb9. Accessed 24 Oct. 2018.

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"Archimedes (287–212 BC), who proved that his king’s crown was not pure gold by measuring its density, was perhaps the world’s first forensic scientist."

Forensic science. (2014). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030928/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=5203f2f6

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The word "Asthma" is derived from the Greek word aazein, meaning sharp breath.
Scogna, K. (2014). Asthma. In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030187/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=5c1da9ec

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In mammals, identical twins are created when a fertilized egg splits, giving them almost identical DNA to each other, but different DNA from either parent.

LaPensee, K. T. (2012). Cloning. In B. W. Lerner & K. L. Lerner (Eds.), In Context Series. Biotechnology: In Context. Detroit, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CAICFR484389468/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=9e39bbd4

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"An adaptation is any developmental, behavioral, physiological, or anatomical change in an organism that gives that organism a better chance to survive and reproduce. The word “adaptation” also refers to the fitting of a whole species, over time, to function in its particular environment, and to those specific features of a species that have changed."

Adaptation. (2014). In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030027/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=f954b7ce

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"People with achondroplasia have abnormally short arms and legs. Their trunk is usually of normal size, as is their head. The appearance of short limbs and normal head size actually makes the head appear to be oversized. The bridge of the nose often has a scooped out appearance termed “saddle nose.” The lower back has an abnormal curvature, or sway back. The face often displays an overly prominent forehead and a relative lack of development of the face in the area of the upper jaw. Because the foramen magnum and spinal canal are abnormally narrowed, nerve damage may occur if the spinal cord or nerves become compressed. The narrowed foramen magnum may disrupt the normal flow of fluid between the brain and the spinal cord, resulting in the accumulation of too much fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus). Children with achondroplasia have a very high risk of serious and repeated middle ear infections, which can result in hearing loss. The disease does not affect either mental capacity or reproductive ability."
Carson-DeWitt, R. (2015). Achondroplasia. In J. L. Longe (Ed.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/VLDIGO835684083/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=b972f7fe

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With each trophic level of an ecological pyramid, 10% of the energy is recycled back into the environment. Producers are at the bottom and have the most energy.

As energy is passed along a food chain through trophic interactions, substantial energy losses occur during each transfer.

Freedman, B. (2014). Ecological pyramids. In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030753/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=35b76b31

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Algae are photosynthetic , eukaryotic organisms that do not develop multicellular sex organs. Algae can be unicellular or multicellular.
Freedman, B. (2014). Algae. In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030059/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=50b482e9

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Bacteria is a unicellular organism that have no chlorophyll and almost the smallest living things on earth besides viruses.

Kusinitz, M., & Hoyle, B. (2014). Bacteria. In K. L. Lerner & B. W. Lerner (Eds.), The Gale Encyclopedia of Science (5th ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. Retrieved from http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644030221/SCIC?u=mlin_c_leichs&sid=SCIC&xid=33c79817