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http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/1763-proclamation-of

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http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/native-american-cultures/videos/the-first-americans

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http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/the-last-of-the-sioux

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-2L_OTtWcI

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THE ARCTIC

The Arctic culture area, a cold, flat, treeless region (actually a frozen desert) near the Arctic Circle in present-day Alaska, Canada and Greenland, was home to the Inuit and the Aleut. Both groups spoke, and continue to speak, dialects descended from what scholars call the Eskimo-Aleut language family. Because it is such an inhospitable landscape, the Arctic’s population was comparatively small and scattered. Some of its peoples, especially the Inuit in the northern part of the region, were nomads, following seals, polar bears and other game as they migrated across the tundra. In the southern part of the region, the Aleut were a bit more settled, living in small fishing villages along the shore.

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The sacred beliefs of many tribes are largely formulated and expressed in sayings and narratives having some resemblance to the legends of European peoples. There are available large collections of these tales and myths from the Blackfoot, Crow, Nez Perce, Assiniboine, Gros Ventre, Arapaho, Arikara, Pawnee, Omaha, Northern Shoshone, and others. In these, much interesting information can be found. Though each tribe has its own beliefs and sacred myths, many have much in common.

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Interesting Facts about Native American Social Structure Early European settlers referred to the tribal chiefs as "kings." Generosity and good deeds were more respected than wealth and possessions. Clan membership was determined by the child's mother in some tribes and by the child's father in other tribes. In some tribes, the head of the clan was a woman called the "clan mother." The clan mother held little real power, but her opinion was respected and listened to by all. Another important leader in Native American society was the religious leader called a medicine man or shaman.

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What was considered valuable? Native Americans did not put a lot of value into material items. There was little in the way of possessions and ownership. People didn't own land or collect money in the bank. They valued intangible things like respect, honor, and status.

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Rules and Punishment Punishment varied from tribe to tribe, but generally did not involve physical punishment. People that committed crimes or went against the tribe were usually shamed and rebuked in front of the tribe. In extreme cases, they were expelled from the tribe.

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Women and Men Women and men had distinctly different roles in both the daily work and in leadership. The chiefs and leaders were generally men, however, this did not mean that the women were powerless. Their opinion was respected and the women usually were the leaders inside the home.

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Villages and Families Clans were further divided up into villages and families. These groups played a more important role in the daily lives of the people. Large extended families often lived together.

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Chiefs and Leaders The leaders of the clans and tribes were called chiefs. These men were elected or chosen by the people. They generally did not have total power, but were respected men who provided advice that the tribe or clan generally followed.

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Tribes and Clans At the highest level were the tribes or nations. These were large groups of people that had culture, geography, and language in common. Within each tribe were smaller groups called clans. The members of a clan generally shared a common ancestor and were considered related to one another. Each clan had its own symbol or spirit that gave the clan its name. Many of the clan names were animals, but not all of them. Example clan names include Bear, Deer, Hawk, Snow, and Water.

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The Native American women generally wore skirts and leggings. Often they wore shirts or tunics as well. In some tribes, like the Cherokee and the Apache, the women wore longer buckskin dresses. Most Native Americans wore some kind of footwear.