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the Brain and nervous system are affected mainly. The levels of Urea are increased when the kidneys do not work properly. Urea being toxic affects all of the systems in the body as well as the major organs.

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Damaged kidneys

Buildup of waste

Uncontrolled blood sugar/pressure

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Loss of appetite

Poor sleep

Shortness of breath

Vomiting

Feeling tired/ no energy

Urinating more often

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remove waste products from the body

remove drugs from the body

balance the body's fluids

release hormones that regulate blood pressure

produce an active form of vitamin D that promotes strong, healthy bones

control the production of red blood cells

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has a granular surface, with decreased function, smaller size, and high urine protein levels

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CKD arises due to many pathological insults that affects the renal function and destroys some of the nephrons. As a result, the other nephrons compensate the function of injured nephrons by hyper filtration. Over a period of time, it develops glomerular hypertension, proteinuria, and eventually loss of renal function. An increase in the glomerular capillary pressure leads to the destruction of glomerular capillary wall which causes dysfunction.

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Kidney contains many nephrons that have a glomerulus connected via tubules

Chemicals and water filtered as they pass through these tubules

Urine is the product that is passed through

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Decreased Cell size

No cell division or cell growth occurs

Cysts present
hyperfilteration occurs due to the increased work seen by the glomeruli

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The Renin-angiotensis-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the cell signaling pathway that is involved in Chronic Kidney Disease. The ligand that is involved in the pathway is called Renin which is produced and released by the kidneys.

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The kidneys have to work a lot harder because of the damaged glomeruli due to the starting causes of CKD (diabetes, hypertension, etc). This over filtration process triggers the RAAS. The signal pathway starts after the kidneys release renin. Renin causes a protein to split which makes another enzyme be added. This all results in another protein being made and is what affects the kidneys and leads to CKD.

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The only way to deal with Kidney disease is with dialysis or kidney transplant but those options can take a very long and are intensive.The Harvard Stem Cell Institute is developing new therapies to repair kidney damage, reducing the need for dialysis and transplantation. They will lower the need of kidney transplants and not be as intensive as dialysis.