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1869: Friedrich Miescher discovers "nuclein," a substance found in the nuclei of white blood cells that would later be identified as DNA.

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1928: Frederick Griffith demonstrates that a "transforming principle" in bacteria can transfer genetic information from one strain to another.

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1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty show that DNA is the "transforming principle" identified by Griffith.

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1952: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase use bacteriophages to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in viruses.

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1950s: Erwin Chargaff's research shows that the amount of adenine is roughly equal to thymine, and the amount of guanine is roughly equal to cytosine, which later becomes known as "Chargaff's Rules."

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1952: Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins use X-ray crystallography to produce images of DNA, which are later used by James Watson and Francis Crick in their discovery of the double helix structure of DNA.

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1953: Watson and Crick publish their model of the double helix structure of DNA, which explains how DNA can replicate and pass on genetic information.

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1954: Linus Pauling proposes a different model for the structure of DNA, but it is later found to be incorrect.

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1962: Watson, Crick, and Wilkins are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin had died several years earlier and was not eligible for the prize.