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Present-day New York, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, parts of Ontario and Quebec

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Present-day Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: forests, rivers, lakes, coastal areas, fertile land
Climate: warm summers, cold snowy winters, regular rainfall

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: rivers, swamps, forests, coastal plains, fertile soil
Climate: hot humid summers, mild winters, high rainfall

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Present-day Alaska and most of Canada

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Present-day Alaska, northern Canada, and coastal Greenland.

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: forests, lakes, rivers, rocky land, permafrost

Climate: long cold winters, short cool summers, low rainfall, heavy snow

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: flat tundra, icy coastlines, glaciers, frozen ground, little vegetation
Climate: extremely cold winters, cool short summers, strong winds, very low precipitation, snow and ice year-round

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Major tribes: Cree, Dene, Innu

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Major tribes: Inuit, Aleut, Yupik

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Most Subarctic tribes got their food by hunting, fishing, and gathering. They hunted animals like moose, caribou, and rabbits, fished for salmon and trout, and gathered berries, roots, and plants. Farming was not used because of the cold climate and poor soil.

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Major tribes: Iroquois, Algonquin, Wampanoag

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Most Arctic tribes got their food by hunting and fishing. They hunted seals, walrus, caribou, and polar bears, and fished for fish like Arctic char and salmon. Farming wasn’t possible due to the frozen ground and cold weather.

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Major tribes: Cherokee, Creek, Seminole

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Most tribes hunted, fished, and farmed. They grew corn, beans, and squash (“Three Sisters”).

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Housing Type: Pit houses

Explanation: People in the Subarctic built pit houses because the weather was really cold for most of the year. They dug part of the house into the ground to keep warm. The ground and extra layers like dirt or animal skins helped trap heat and block cold wind.

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Housing Type: Igloos

Explanation: Arctic tribes built snow houses in winter because snow traps heat and blocks strong winds. Even though it's made of snow, the inside stays much warmer than outside, helping people survive the freezing temperatures.

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1. Seasonal movement to follow caribou

2. Snowshoes and toboggans for winter travel

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Tribes mainly farmed, hunted, and gathered. They grew corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers, hunted deer and turkey, and gathered nuts, fruits, and roots.

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Housing Type: Longhouses
Explanation:
Northeast tribes built longhouses using wood and bark from forests. These houses fit many families from the same clan and helped them stay warm in cold winters.

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Housing Type: Wattle and daub houses
Explanation:
They used a wooden frame covered with clay and grass (daub). These houses were strong, stayed cool in summer, and warm in winter.

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1. Used animal fat (blubber) for fuel, light, and heat

2. Wore layered clothing made from caribou and seal skin to survive extreme cold

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Present-day Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, South Dakota, North Dakota, Montana

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1. Iroquois Confederacy: early form of democratic government

2. Matrilineal society: family lineage and property passed through the mother’s side

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1. Mound building for ceremonies and burials

2. Organized towns with central plazas and council houses

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: flat grasslands, few trees, rivers, open plains
Climate: hot summers, cold winters, low to moderate rainfall, strong winds

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Major tribes: Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche

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Plains tribes mainly hunted buffalo, which gave them meat, tools, and materials. Some also farmed crops like corn, beans, and squash near rivers.

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Housing Type: Tipis
Explanation:
They built tipis from animal hides and wooden poles. Tipis were easy to take down and carry, perfect for their nomadic lifestyle following buffalo herds.

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1. Nomadic lifestyle centered around buffalo hunting

2. Warrior culture with strong emphasis on bravery and skill in battle

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Present-day Arizona, New Mexico, parts of Utah, Colorado, northern Mexico

# data[].attributes.headline
Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: deserts, mesas, canyons, cliffs, dry rivers

Climate: hot dry days, cold nights, very little rainfall

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Major tribes: Hopi, Navajo, Apache

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Most tribes farmed using irrigation. They grew corn, beans, squash, and cotton. They also gathered wild plants and hunted small animals like rabbits.

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Housing Type: Adobe pueblos
Explanation:
They built pueblos from clay (adobe) and stone to stay cool during hot days and warm at night. These homes were strong and worked well in the dry climate.

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1. Used irrigation systems to farm in deserts

2. Built multi-story villages with adobe bricks

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Present-day Nevada, Utah, parts of Oregon, Idaho, and California

# data[].attributes.headline
Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: deserts, salt flats, mountains, dry valleys, few rivers

Climate: hot dry summers, cold winters, low rainfall, big temperature swings

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Major tribes: Shoshone, Ute, Paiute

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They hunted small animals like rabbits and deer, fished when possible, and gathered seeds, nuts (especially pine nuts), and roots. Farming wasn’t possible due to dry land.

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Housing Type: Wickiups (brush shelters)
Explanation:
They built wickiups using branches and brush. These were simple and easy to move, which fit their mobile lifestyle in harsh, dry environments.

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1. Used digging sticks and carrying baskets to gather food

2. Very mobile lifestyle due to scarce resources and tough environment

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Present-day California and parts of southern Oregon

# data[].attributes.headline
Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: coastline, forests, rivers, valleys, mountains

Climate: mild winters, warm summers, varied by region (coastal vs inland)

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Major tribes: Chumash, Pomo, Miwok

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Tribes hunted deer and small animals, fished in rivers and the ocean, and gathered acorns, nuts, seeds, and berries. Acorns were a major food source, ground into flour.

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Housing Type: Dome-shaped homes made from reeds or bark
Explanation:
They built small dome-shaped houses using natural materials like wood, bark, and grass. These were quick to build, suited to the mild climate, and used local resources.

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1. Acorn processing was central to their diet

2. Known for detailed basket weaving using local plant fibers

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Present-day Washington, Oregon, coastal British Columbia, southern Alaska

# data[].attributes.headline
Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: coastal forests, mountains, rivers, ocean shoreline

Climate: mild, wet winters and cool summers; high rainfall year-round

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Major tribes: Tlingit, Haida, Kwakiutl

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Tribes fished for salmon, hunted sea mammals, and gathered shellfish, berries, and roots. Salmon was the most important food and was smoked or dried to store.

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Housing Type: Plank houses
Explanation:
They built large houses from cedar wood, with flat roofs and carved posts. These houses were sturdy, kept out rain, and held several families.

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1. Carved totem poles to show family history and clan symbols

2. Held potlatches—ceremonies where they gave gifts to show status and wealth

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Present-day eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern Idaho, western Montana, southern British Columbia

# data[].attributes.headline
Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Geography (physical features) and Climate

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Physical features: river valleys, forests, plateaus, mountains

Climate: cold snowy winters, warm dry summers, moderate rainfall

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Major tribes: Nez Perce, Yakama, Flathead

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They fished for salmon in rivers, hunted deer and small game, and gathered roots, berries, and nuts. Salmon was a major part of their diet.

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Housing Type: Pit houses
Explanation:
They built pit houses partly underground with wood and earth on top. This design helped keep the home warm in winter and cool in summer.

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1. Used rivers like the Columbia for salmon fishing

2. Lived in small villages, often semi-nomadic depending on the season