# data[].attributes.headline
Life and Labor in Industrial America (1870s-1900s)

# data[].attributes.subject
Life and Labor in Industrial America (1870s-1900s)

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Mostly immigrants, women, and children in factories, mines, and sweatshops
What: Performed manual, low-paying labor with long hours
Where: Urban industrial centers like New York, Chicago, and Pittsburgh
When: Late 1800s through early 1900s
Why: Rapid industrialization created a demand for cheap labor
How: Capitalist expansion + lack of labor protections
Impact: Sparked labor movements; exposed exploitation

Clip: The men who built america on factory conditions

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Middle and upper classes, mostly in urban areas
What: Growth of department stores, advertising, and brand names
Where: Cities like Chicago and New York
When: 1870s–1900s
Why: Mass production + increased wages for some
How: Industrialization made goods cheaper and more available
Impact: Rise of consumerism; widened class gaps

Clip: Youtube video on Gilded Age consumerism

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Bankers, workers, railroad companies, and investors
What: Major financial crisis and economic depression
Where: Began in U.S. but spread internationally
When: Began in 1873, lasted for several years
Why: Overinvestment in railroads, bank failures
How: Jay Cooke & Co. bank collapse → stock market panic
Impact: Mass unemployment, wage cuts, strikes like the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Clip: Crash course video on 19th century economic crashes

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Frederick Winslow Taylor
What: System to improve industrial efficiency through time-motion studies
Where: Factories across the U.S., especially steel and automobile industries
When: 1890s–early 1900s
Why: Increase productivity and profits
How: Broke tasks into smaller parts to reduce wasted motion
Impact: Boosted output but dehumanized labor; led to worker resistance

Clip: Short explainer on Taylorism and factory work

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Terence V. Powderly (leader), skilled and unskilled workers
What: One of the first major labor unions in the U.S.
Where: Nationwide, especially in industrial cities
When: Founded in 1869, peaked in 1886
Why: Fight for 8-hour workday, end child labor, equal pay
How: Organized strikes and political advocacy
Impact: Short-lived success; membership declined after Haymarket Riot

Clip: Segment on the labor movement in the Gilded Age

# data[].attributes.body
Who: Samuel Gompers, skilled workers
What: Union focused on "bread and butter" issues (wages, hours, conditions)
Where: U.S. industrial centers
When: Founded in 1886
Why: Discontent with Knights of Labor’s broad agenda
How: Collective bargaining, strikes
Impact: Became the largest and most lasting labor union

Clip: History Channel clip on Gompers and the AFL

# data[].attributes.body
Summarize: How these movements, crises, and cultural changes shaped U.S. labor history and class relations.

Tie-in: Working-class activism helped lead to later reforms (New Deal, labor laws).