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Physical Growth: Affected by factors such as adequate supplies of appropriate food, opportunities for exercise, and access to healthcare. Individuals are not simply combinations of genetic and environmental influences.

Human growth and Development: Begin the moment fertilization occurs. The fertilized ovum is implanted into the uterine wall, and rapid cell division and multiplication occur. The period from the second to the 8 weeks after fertilization is called the embryo stage. from 8 weeks until birth, the embryo is called fetus.

Prenatal growth and Development: Make the developing humans is especially vulnerable to environmental factors.

Congenital Anomalies (Birth defects): It occurs if the mother inhales toxins or consumes alcohol drugs or nicotine. Therapeutic drugs, beneficial for the mother: can cause harmful side effects in the fetus. Therefore all, over counter (OTC) and prescription medications must be reviewed by the physician to determine whether they are safe to take during pregnancy.

Care Consideration:
- Emphasize care of the mother to ensure a normal pregnancy.
- Address unhealthy habits such as smoking
- Inquire about mother's nutrition.
- Educate the Mother about the need for adequate nutrition and fluids.

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Physical Development: Tremendous growth in height, wight, muscular and nervous systems, ability to raise heads, turning and rolling over focusing eyes.

Cognitive Development: Learn to manipulate/ recognize objects and people, in addition to vocalization progression.

Erickson's Stage of Development: (Trust vs. Mistrust): Most fundamental stage in life; infants are completely dependent on adult caregivers for survival, allowing trust and dependability to develop between infants and adult caregivers. Development trust= safety and security. Caregivers who are unreliable or unaffectionate will lead to feelings of mistrust. Children who do not have sense of trust in adults lead to fear and belief that the world is inconsistent/unpredictable.

Care Consideration: Cuddling/hugging, tracking of growth patterns, heavy parent involvement in care.

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Physical Development: The body grows and the proportions change.

Cognitive Development: It develops rapidly as toddlers acquire language skills and begin to speak in sentences, They can understand simple instructions and request, but their attention span is very short. Toddlers begin to learn ideas, attitudes, and values, but at the same time, they also believe that their point of view is the only one. This belief combined with an emerging sense of independence, can lead to temper tantrums.

Erickson's Stage of Development: (autonomy vs. shame and doubt). Toddlers will develop confidence in their ability to care for themselves (autonomy) when they receive encouragement to explore their environment and learn independent skills such as dressing, feeding, and using the toilet. Parents who are overly protective or have unrealistic expectations, may initiate the development of doubt and shame in their toddler. This can lead to a sense of general inadequacy. Toddlers could learn more that also came from the environment and even to other people's knowledge that can help them lead into a good child.

Care Consideration:
- Use a firm, direct approach.
- Distract and use a game approach to improve cooperation.
- Give only one direction at a time and state it simply.
- Involve toddlers in their care by allowing them to make choices when possible.
- Prepare them for procedures with simple explanations.
- Set limits and maintain safty.

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Physical Development: Preschoolers become taller and thinner than toddlers. Self-care skills increase, and they progress to being able to independently dress themselves. continuing motor sensory development leads to an improved sense of balance. This allows preschoolers to skip and jump in q coordinated manner and enables them to learn skills such as jumping rope and skating.

Cognitive Development: They can now speak quite well in sentences. They have also developed an awareness of other people who are not in their immediate environment. They still assume that everyone thinks as they do. they have short attention spans but are able to count, recite the alphabet, and recall their address and phone number.

Erickson's Stage and Development (Initiative vs. guilt):  Preschoolers can build on the confidence developed as a toddler to initiate their own learning. They seek out new experiences and knowledge and strive to understand new activities . If their parents severely restrict this initiative, criticize, or scold them for their attempts, a sense of guilt will develop. This feeling of guilt will diminish the preschooler's natural enthusiasm for learning new motor and language skills. As a consequence, they can become hesitant to take on new challenges.

Care Consideration:
- Explain procedures and unfamiliar objects prior to performing or using them.
- Encourage verbalization skills.
- Praise good behavior.
- To improve acceptance of painful procedures, allow them to make choices when possible.

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Physical Development: The body continues with more pronounced development between 10 and 12 years with the beginning of puberty (the period in life when boys and girls become functionally capable if production). the permanent teeth also begin to erupt at this stage of growth.

Cognitive Development: Cognitive development has progressed to logical thinking and the ability to see things from different perspectives. The attention span has increased , and pride is taken in personal accomplishments. Children at this stage reason, problem solve, learn to follow rules, and develop a sense of morality (right and wrong) to guide their behavior.

Erickson's Stage of Development (Industry vs. Inferiority): School-age children experience pleasure from the successful completion of projects and anticipate recognition for their accomplishments. They prefer friends to family and are influenced by the approval of their peers. If school-age children are not accepted by peers or cannot meet the expectations of family, a sense of inferiority and lack of self-worth may develop.

Care Consideration:
- Explain procedures and equipment using correct terminology, but in words they understand.
- Provide privacy and some personal control.
- Define and enforce behavior limits.
- Encourage independence.
- Educate with clear, simple visual aids.

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Physical Development: It changes by the maturation of the reproductive system.

Motor Skills: Easy becomes fatigued with activity and requires adequate rest and also some sleep.

Cognitive Development: Abilities greatly increase. Adolescents are able to acquire large quantities of knowledge and are able to use reasoning skills. They have the capacity for introspection and start to develop their philosophy of life and create their future occupational identity. Adolescents are also prone to stress.

Erickson's Stage of Development (Identity vs. Role Confusion): They are interested in the tremendous changes taking place in their bodies, but are also confused about identities as they move through the transition from child (dependent) to adult (independent). Mood swings are quite common as a result of the hormonal changes. Adolescents may try different roles, including rebellion, in the search for their identity as they work through who they are and who they will become. They may be critical of parents and resent the advice offered or criticism given. Peers continue to exert a significant influence on their behavior, because of strong concerns about how they are perceived. At the same time, they need the help of adults they can trust. If adolescents are unable to determine their identity and direction, they lack a sense of who they are. This is known as "role confusion".

Care Consideration:
- Give explanations along with the rationale.
- Encourage questions.
- Involve them in the decision making process.
- Provide privacy.
- Do not talk about them where they can overhear the conversation.

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Physical Development: Peaks at about 30 and then starts to slowly diminish as aging continues. for example, after 30 the skin begins to lose moisture, gastrointestinal secretions diminish, and problems with weight gain may begin.

Motor Skills: Also peak during this time and then begin to decline. Muscular strength peaks in the 20's and 30's and then begins to decline after the mid-30's. The visual and auditory senses also start to decline.

Cognitive Development: This is a period of maximum potential. Young adults experience optimal cognitive functioning. Their problem solving skills and creativity are excellent.

Erickson's Stage of Development (Intimacy vs. Isolation): The task of young adults is to complete the transition from dependency to responsibility, to make commitments to others, and to establish themselves in society. The responsibilities during this period can be extensive and may include forming an intimate relationship, having and/or establishing a career. A fear of making commitments to others may result in isolation and loneliness.

Care Consideration:
- Involve significant other as appropriate.
- Watch body language for clues regarding feelings.
- Assess them for stress resulting from the multiple roles and responsibilities of this stage.
Involve them in the decision making process
- Provide teaching based on how they prefer to receive the information.

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Physical Development: The physical abilities continue to decline. For example, bone and muscle mass, physical strength, and endurance decrease. At the same time, the skin loses some of its elasticity, wrinkles begin to develop, and major body systems begin to decline.

Motor Skills: The reflexes, muscle, and joints respond more slowly. There is decreased balance and coordination and a more prolonged response to stress. the visual, auditory, and gustatory senses diminish.

Cognitive Development: Are still quite strong, although learning may take longer. Problem solving and memory remain consistent until the late middle years. Creativity may increase during this stage.

Erickson's Stage of Development (Generativity vs. Stagnation): This is a time of shifting concerns from the sell to the next generation, as as toward an increased involvement with friends community. There is a desire to make a contribution of values. It is a time of self-assessment and evaluation of the accomplishment of goals.

Care Consideration:
- Involve them in the decision-making process.
- Encourage self-care.
- Explore their concept of illness as it relates to body image and career.
- Provide teaching based on how they prefer to receive information.
- Encourage lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, improving nutrition, and increasing exercise to help lessen the effects of natural age-related decline.

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Physical development: Physical decline continues to occur, with a loss of muscle and bone and atrophy of the reproductive organs. Decreased peripheral (arms and legs) circulation leads to less tolerance for heat and cold. The motor sensory abilities also continue their decline. The visual, auditory, gustatory, and olfactory senses diminish. The ability to tolerate pain decreases, Physical responses are slower, and some motor skills decline.

Cognitive Development: Abilities vary widely among individuals. While many older adults develop dementia, especially after age 80, others retain and even further develop their problem-solving and creative abilities.

Erickson's Stage of Development (Integrity vs. Despair): The many challenges are continuation of changes that began in the middle adulthood; retirement, loss of spouse and friends, new family roles (becoming in-laws and grandparents as children marry), and increasing concerns about health. As individuals face their mortality, they review the events of their lives and the related successes and failures. If they experience a sense of satisfaction and pleasure from the events of their lives, a sense of ego integrity will be experienced. In contrast, If the review is interpreted as a series of failures and disappointments, there is a sense of sadness and despair.

Care Consideration:
- If still working, encourage discussion about work plans, activities, and accomplishments.
- If retired, encourage social activity with peers.
- Encourage active learning, thinking, and use memory skills.
- Assist with adjustments to new roles (e.g., grandparent. widower, balancing independence and dependence).