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My first individual is a 23 year old male called Marcus. Marcus is a fit and healthy man who attends the gym multiple times a week. He has a healthy and nutritional diet and rarely eats fast food or take aways. Marcus enjoys exercising and also plays for a football team. Marcus has no existing medical conditions and his heart rate and blood pressure are all as they should be. Marcus earns a good monthly income as he is an engineer and works a lot of hours. This means he is able to provide a living for himself. Marcus is also Islamic. He follows the Islam religion which can affect his diet and lifestyle.

My next individual is a 64 year old female called Marie. Marie has type 2 diabetes and recently has been diagnosed with diabetes. Marie rarely does any exercise and she never attends the gym because she struggles to find the motivation to start. Marie lives on her own and can't cook very well which therefore means she ends up ordering takeaways and eating ready meals most nights. Marie doesn't have a nutritional  or healthy diet. She also suffers from hypertension and has a really high blood pressure which means she has to take medication to help control it. Because of Marie's health conditions she doesn't have a job which means she doesn't have a steady and monthly income and therefore relies solely on the money she receives from the government which isn't a lot.

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P1: Explain how the concepts of nutritional health contribute to health and wellbeing.

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P1: Explain how the concepts of nutritional health contribute to health and wellbeing.

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There are many different concepts of nutritional health and they can all affect someone's health in different ways. One of the main concepts of nutritional health is the eat well plate. The eat well plate shows a balanced diet and all the components that are needed to maintain a good health and in the appropriate portion sizes. (BBC bitesize N.D) The eat well plate is a good thing because it gives people a good idea of what their diet should look like. This means that if people have a simple guide to follow it could mean that more people have a healthier diet and they will be at less of a risk of developing any health conditions such as obesity. It is also a good thing because it doesn't forget about fats. This means that it shows that people are aloud to eat fat foods and sugary foods but it just shows how much is acceptable. This is a good thing because it will mean that people won't feel bad or humiliated about it eating something that is unhealthy. It also shows the correct portion sizes so people don't develop any medical or health conditions. The eat well plate benefits peoples health because it gives them a good guide on what they should be eating and also different meals they could make which will be healthy for them. This will benefit people physically and mentally. This is because it may help people lose weight and this will make them feel more confident and good about themselves which will help with their mental health.

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P2: Explain the sources of essential nutrients and their functions in the body.

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P2: Explain the sources of essential nutrients and their functions in the body.

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There are many essential nutrients that have an affect on the body. These are separated into 2 categories micronutrients and macronutrients. Micronutrients are required in smaller groups and macronutrients are required in bigger groups. Some examples of micronutrients are vitamins and minerals. Vitamins are essential nutrients that are needed in small amounts so that the body can function properly. There are 2 types of vitamins. These are fat soluble and water soluble vitamins. Excess fat soluble vitamins can be stored in the body and therefore do not have to be eaten daily however water soluble are excreted through urine so do need to be taken daily. Some of the functions of vitamins in the body are  help form and maintain healthy teeth, bones and tissues, they help form red blood cells, they are important for metabolism and they help keep gums and teeth healthy. (Encyclopaedia N.D) Minerals are also very important within the body. The main minerals when planning a diet are calcium, iron and sodium. Minerals are needed in small amounts to help the body function properly. The main functions of minerals are building strong bones and teeth, controlling bodily fluids and converting food into energy. One of the main macronutrients is fibre. Fibre comes from plant based foods such as vegetables. It is not absorbed by the body which is why it is classed as a macronutrient. Fibre is important for the gut as it helps it process foods. One of it's main functions is to lower blood pressure and help maintain cholesterol. Fibre also makes people feel more full which therefore means they are less likely to over eat. There are two types of fibre, these are soluble and insoluble. Soluble fibres can be partially digested and are important in lowering peoples cholesterol. Insoluble fibres form the bulk in faeces and prevent constipation. Water is also very important as it is needed to carry nutrients around the body. The main functions of water is to regulate body temperature, improves bowel function and helps with oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Macronutrients also consist of protein, carbohydrates and fats. The main sources of protein are greens and asparagus. Protein is very important in the body as it is an important building block for the bones, skin. muscles, blood and cartilage. Our body uses it to build and repair tissues, it helps with our hormones and because it is a macro- nutrient our body needs large amounts of it. The main sources of carbohydrates are grain products fruit and vegetables. Carbohydrates main function is to provide energy for the body. If we don't eat enough carbohydrates in the day then we start to feel fatigued and unmotivated. This is because our body hasn't received enough energy. Fats main sources are fish, nuts, oils and seeds. The main function for fats is to create protection for vital organs in the body including the heart. They are also required for brain structure and help keep our skin soft.

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essential nutrients for the body - Bing video

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P3: Explain the health, socio-economic and cultural factors that can influence the nutritional health of the selected individuals. 

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P3: Explain the health, socio-economic and cultural factors that can influence the nutritional health of the selected individuals. 

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There are many different things that can influence whether someone has healthy or unhealthy diet. Marcus and Marie can both be affected by health, socio- economic and cultural influences. This means that it can change whether they have a good or bad diet and lifestyle.

One of the main health factors that can influence Marcus's diet is how much he exercises and attends the gym. Because Marcus attends the gym multiple times a week it will mean he is very fit and healthy and his body is strong. He will have strong organs, for example his heart. This means that he will be fitter and find exercise more easy. This will then benefit him positively because it will mean he enjoys it more which will make him feel more motivated. Attending the gym a lot is also a good thing because he may be motivated by other people around him to eat a healthy and nutritional diet. For example if he sees people at the gym who are improving and reaching their goals it could motivate Marcus to do the same. This will lead him to eat healthy foods and stick to his nutritional diet. Marcus may also be influenced by socio- economic affects. Because Marcus has a well paid job as an engineer it means he has a good and steady income which will allow him to buy more expensive but nutritional foods. This means that he doesn't have to rely on microwave meals every night. Instead he can buy healthy foods such as fresh foods like fruit and vegetables and he can use these to make healthy and home cooked meals. This means that his income is affecting him socio- economically in a positive way and allowing him to stay fit and eat a healthy diet. Marcus can also be influenced by cultural affects. The main reason for this is because Marcus is an Islam. In this religion there are many dietary requirements including he is forbidden from drinking alcohol and eating meat. This is because alcohol is bad for is health and Islam's don't believe in this and prok is an animals meat which is a source of protien. ahowever he is aloud to eat other meat so this is not a problem for Marcus. There are not many major health affects that effect Marcus because of his religion.

Marie will also be influenced by health, socio- economic and cultural affects. There are many health affects that will influence whether she has a healthy or unhealthy diet. The main one is that she has type 2 diabetes and has recently been diagnosed with obesity. This will affect her diet because these health conditions show that she already has poor eating habits and that she eats a lot of fatty and sugary foods such as takeaways and ready meals. This means that her health will be bad and she won't be fit or strong. Her other health condition hypertension that she struggles with will also affect her in a negative way because it means that her blood pressure is too high and therefore she may struggle and find it hard to bring it down. Because she already has such bad eating conditions she may find it hard to break her habits and change the way she eats. Another health affect is the fact that she doesn't do any exercise. This means that it will be harder for her to eat better if she doesn't have any motivation from exercising. No exercise will mean that her organs such as her heart won't be strong and it will struggle to pump blood around her body which could lead to other health conditions. Marie will also be influenced by socio- economic factors. Because of Maire's health conditions she doesn't work which means she doesn't have a monthly and steady income each month which therefore means she rely solely on the money she receives from the government which isn't a lot. This means that the money she does have has to go towards paying her bills. This means she doesn't have a lot left each month to be able to buy fresh and nutritional foods because they are more expensive. This means she has to have ready meals most nights which contain a lot of sugars and fats. This means that having no job has a negative affect on her health and life.

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P4: Compare the dietary intake of the selected individuals with their nutritional requirements.

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P4: Compare the dietary intake of the selected individuals with their nutritional requirements.

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The dietary intake of Marcus and Marie will be dramatically different. This is because Marcus does a lot of exercise regularly and eats a very healthy and balanced diet with a lot of nutritional foods. On the other hand Marie does no exercise and eats a lot of foods that contain fats and sugars which has lead her to be diagnosed with obesity and has become very unhealthy.

There are no Islamic restrictions on how much food Marcus can eat however he restricts himself because of his calorie intake and he doesn't want to go over this. This is because he will have a lot of exercise requirements that he has to meet that he has to be careful with how much food he eats. If he sticks to his correct calories this will benefit his health.  Marie will also have to be careful with her portion sizes because she has already been diagnosed with obesity if she keeps on eating lots of unhealthy foods and going above her daily intake her medical conditions will get worse and more serious. Even though both Marcus and Marie need to have a good daily intake of food to give them enough energy to get through their day it has to be balanced to make sure their intake isn't to high. For example if Marcus didn't eat enough food throughout the day he wouldn't have enough energy to do all of the exercise he does and attend the gym so much.

Currently Marcus and Marie's daily intake will be very different. This is because Marcus will be eating a lot of protein which will help give him a lot of energy which will therefore help him in the gym. Even though protein is a lot of calories it will fill Marcus up for a long time which means he won't feel the need to snack on fatty and sugary foods thought the day. This will therefore mean that Marcus's daily intake is where it needs to be. However because Marie only eats fatty and sugary foods it will mean he daily intake will be a lot higher than what it should be which will be one of the reasons for her obesity. Fatty and sugary foods only fil people up for a short amount of time so when Marie eats these foods she will become hungry again quickly after and then will have something else to eat. This means that she will end up eating a lot more than she is meant to and her daily calories will be a lot higher than they should be.

Marie is an elderly person that doesn't require a high calorie intake which means that the junk food she eats has a lot of calories in and doesn't contribute to a balanced diet and nutritional plate which will negatively impact her health. This is because she isn't adding any fresh or healthy foods to her diet. She will also feel fatigued because of all the unhealthy foods she is eating. This is because she won't have any energy.

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M1: Assess the impact of dietary intake and dietary deficiencies on nutritional health.

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M1: Assess the impact of dietary intake and dietary deficiencies on nutritional health.

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Dietary intake and dietary deficiencies impact nutritional health in many ways. Having a high dietary daily intake can cause medical conditions such as obesity or type 2 diabetes. Having a low dietary daily intake or a dietary deficiency can cause health conditions such as anorexia. This means that both ways nutritional health is being affected in a negative way.

If somebody has a very low daily intake and doesn't eat the correct amount of calories a day then their physical and nutritional health will be affected negatively. The body will suffer negatively in many ways. For example the body will become fatigued and will not have enough energy to run on throughout the day. This means the body will suffer to perform daily functions such as breathing in serious cases. The bodies immune system will also become seriously reduced which therefore means the body will catch more serious illnesses more often because it will struggle to fight them off. A few other things that may happen is hair loss, struggle of growth, poor skin health and menstrual problems. (SEHAT 2019) This shows by not eating enough calories the body will suffer physically in many ways. Nutritional health will also be affected negatively. This is called malnutrition. This is where the body does not receive enough calories daily and therefore starts to suffer in many ways. Some symptoms of malnutrition are thin and dry skin, hollow cheeks and sunken eyes, depression and poor wound healing. The main cause is from reduced food intake and not having a high calorie daily intake. This is a nutritional health condition that affects the body physically and mentally. It can affect someone mentally because it can cause mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety. This is because the body is not receiving enough food so it can't be turned into energy. This will result in the person feeling down and also having a bad self image. This shows that having a low daily calorie intake can affect the body in many negative ways.

Having a high daily calorie intake and eating to much food will also have a negative impact on nutritional health and the body. You need to eat enough calories per day to meet your daily energy needs but not to much that their is excess fat. If you do eat to many calories per day your body will store the excess energy as fat and then this is when people put weight on and develop health conditions such as obesity. If someone has a higher daily calorie intake than they are meant to they could suffer with many symptoms. Some of these include trouble sleeping, bad skin, osteoarthritis, varicose veins and gallstones. There are also many nutritional health conditions that they could develop from struggling with these symptoms. These are type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure and strokes. All of these health conditions come from having an extremely high daily intake. This could be from eating to many fatty or sugary foods. Eating to many fatty foods will also mean that people may not have a lot of energy. This is because sugary foods give people something called a sugar rush. This means once they have eaten the food they will feel really energized and hyper for about an hour and then after that they will crash and become very fatigued and not have any energy. They will also become hungry again which will result in them eating more which is adding to their calories. Their nutritional health will be affected negatively because people will put weight on faster and also will find it harder to do exercise because they will be more un-fit. This could also affect someones mental health because they might have a bad self image which could make them feel ashamed of themselves. This means they are more likely to develop mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety.

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M2: Assess how the dietary intake and nutritional health of the selected individuals are influenced by their dietary habits and lifestyle choices.

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M2: Assess how the dietary intake and nutritional health of the selected individuals are influenced by their dietary habits and lifestyle choices.

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The dietary intake of my selected individuals are very different because they both have completely different lifestyles and they make different lifestyle choices. This means that both of their nutritional health will be different and they will also have completely different levels of fitness.

Marcus has a good nutritional health. He has a very healthy and balanced diet which included a lot of homemade meals and fresh foods. He also does a lot of exercise and attends the gym multiple times a week. He also doesn't snack very much throughout the day and when he does it will be on something healthy or something that has a lot of protein in it. Because of Marcus's lifestyle choices and his dietary intake his nutritional and physical health will be affected in a positive way. This is because he is looking after his body and making sure he stays healthy and fit. This means that he will have a lot of energy throughout the day and his body will be able to perform it'f functions to the best of it's ability. Because of Marcus's positive life choices his immune system will be really strong which means it will reduce his chance of becoming unwell with any illnesses. This is because his immune system is able to fight of any illnesses that try and destroy it. If his immune system is strong it will reduce his risk of developing any nutritional health disorders or medical conditions. For example: heart disease, strokes or type 2 diabetes. This means he will be fitter and healthier. Because he has a good nutritional health and he does a lot of exercise it will mean that is heart is stronger and can pump more blood around his body. This means that disorders such as coronary heart diseases and heart attacks are less likely to affect Marcus. This is because his heart is stronger and therefore more likely to fight them off. Having a less likely chance of developing serious conditions like these will benefit Marcus's mental health because i will prevent him from constantly worrying and he is less likely to develop mental health conditions such as anxiety.

However Marie doesn't have a good nutritional health and this is because of her lifestyle and her poor lifestyle choices. Marie has obesity and type 2 diabetes and has also recently been diagnosed with hypertension because of her high blood pressure. Marie doesn't have a healthy or balanced diet. She snacks a lot through out the day and she rarely cooks any home meals. Instead she orders takeaways all most every night or ready meals. She also never does any exercise because she can't find the motivation to start. All of these lifestyle choices affect Marie's nutritional health in a negative way. This is because she never eats any fruit or vegetables or fresh foods. All foods that she eats are full of sugars, fats or have been fried. She also doesn't balance this out with home cooked meals because she doesn't know how to cook very well. She also snacks multiple times through the day on sugary foods. This means that she won't be receiving the energy she needs which will stop her body from being able to perform it's functions properly and it will mean her body has to work a lot harder to do simple things. It also means that after eating the sugary foods she will become fatigued and have no motivation to do anything because she is experiencing a sugar crash. This will also mean that soon after she will become hungry again so she will have another unhealthy snack which is adding to the calorie intake. Eating a lot of foods like this could lead to health conditions such as more sever type 2 diabetes and strokes. This is because all of the sugar she is eating will start to attack her heart. Doing no exercise will also add to her poor nutritional health because it will mean main organs such as her hart will be very weak and therefore not be able to perform it's functions properly. It will also mean that there is no chance of her losing any weight and becoming any healthier. This will also make her obesity and type 2 diabetes more sever because she is not working towards curing them she is going to make them worse in the long run. This could then affect her mental health in a very negative way. This is because she may feel very unproductive which will add to her having no motivation. It may also give her a negative self image and she may struggle to feel good about herself. She may feel humiliated and ashamed of herself.

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BBC bitesize N.D
The eat well plate - The digestive system in humans – WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

Encyclopaedia N.D
Vitamins: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopaedia

Better me February 2023
Halal Diet Guide: Dietary Guidelines For The Muslim Faith - BetterMe

SEHAT Rohit Jain 2019
Here's What Happens If You Don't Eat Enough Calories (sehat.com)

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The eatwell plate - The digestive system in humans – WJEC - GCSE Biology (Single Science) Revision - WJEC - BBC Bitesize

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Revise the structures and function of the digestive system. Learn which chemicals can be used to indicate different types of food. Study balanced diets.