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SPED: Special Education- specially designed instruction, at no cost to the parents, to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability, including—instruction conducted in the classroom, in the home, in hospitals and institutions, and in other settings and instruction in physical education.

GT/GATE/TAG: Gifted and Talented- A program within schools to provide enrichment opportunities for students who are identified as exceptionally gifted in cognitive ability, academic skills, creative thinking, or visual/performing arts.

Twice Exceptional: Gifted student who may have one or more disabilities.

IPDP: Individual Professional Development Plan- A document prepared by individual educators as a record of personal professional development goals and as a document of their achievement.

IQ: Intelligence Quotient- A number representing a person's reasoning ability (measured using problem-solving tests) as compared to the statistical norm or average for their age.

PLOP: Present Level of Performance- describes the childs’ current abilities, strengths, and needs or challenges. This is a key component of progress monitoring.

CPS: Child Protective Services- is the name of a government agency in many states of the United States responsible for providing child protection, which includes responding to reports of child abuse or neglect.

SES: Socioeconomic Status- the social standing or class of an individual or group. It is often measured as a combination of education, income, and occupation

SLP: Speech and Language Pathologist- a professional who works to prevent, assess, diagnose, and treat speech, language, social communication, cognitive-communication, and swallowing disorders in children and adults

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Disability Categories in special education

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Disability Categories in special education

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ED: Emotionally Disturbed- An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances.

ID: Intellectual Disability- Intellectual disability means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term “intellectual disability” was formerly termed “mental retardation.”

SLD: Specific Learning Disability- An eligibility category for special education services that means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia.

OHI: Other Health Impaired- An eligibility category for special education services that means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment due to a chronic or acute health problem.

OI: Orthopedic Impairment- An eligibility category for special education services that means a severe skeletal, muscular, or neuromuscular impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance.

SLI: Speech or Language Impairment- a communication disorder that interferes with the development of language skills in children who have no hearing loss. SLI can affect a child's speaking, listening, reading, and writing. SLI is also called developmental language disorder, language delay, or developmental dysphasia.

TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury- an injury that can be caused by a forceful bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body, or from an object that pierces the skull and enters the brain. Not all blows or jolts to the head result in a TBI. This injury affects how the brain works.

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ADA: Americans with Disabilities Act- Protects people with disabilities from discrimination. https://www.ada.gov/

FAPE: Free Appropriate Public Education- The right to a Free Appropriate Public Education is an educational entitlement of all students in the United States who are identified as having a disability.

FERPA: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act- A law that protects the privacy of student information and gives parents/guardians the right to access their child’s records.

IDEA: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act- a law that makes available a free appropriate public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation and ensures special education and related services to those children.

IEE: Independent Educational Evaluation- Within public education, if parents disagree with the results of an evaluation for eligibility for special education services, they have the right to request an independent evaluation at the expense of the school district.

LRE: Least Restrictive Environment- Special education law mandates that a child with a disability must be educated within the same classroom as non-disabled peers to the fullest extent possible.

NCLB: No Child Left Behind- The main law for K–12 general education in the United States from 2002–2015. The law held schools accountable for how students learned and achieved.

Title 1: Federal Program to fund schools with high concentrations of student poverty- The purpose of Title I is to provide all children “significant opportunity to receive a fair, equitable, and high-quality education, and to close educational achievement gaps.” To achieve that, states must develop accountability systems to identify and support schools with academically struggling students, and LEAs and schools must use their Title I funds to improve student outcomes, including academic achievement.

504 Plan: A plan to ensure that a student with a disability receives appropriate accommodations for academic success and access to the learning environment.

IEP: Individualized Education Program- This is a plan created for students who qualify for special education, including goals and accommodations based on the student’s unique needs. This plan is usually updated yearly.

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Additional services students may receive if on an IEP

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Additional services students may receive if on an IEP

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AT: Assistive Technology- Any item/piece of equipment or product that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities.

APE: Adapted Physical Education- Physical education that is designed on an individual basis to meet the needs of an individual with a disability.

ESY: Extended School Year- Education beyond the traditional 180 day school year for students with disabilities that would be severely negatively impacted by time away from school.

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ABA: Applied Behavior Analysis- A scientific approach to understanding behavior.

FBA: Functional Behavior Assessment- An investigation to determine underlying reasons for non-expected behaviors, often including observations of the student, interviews, and other means.

BIP: Behavior Intervention Plan- a written improvement plan created for a student based on the outcome of the functional behavior assessment (FBA).

CBT: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy- a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders.

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School Supports in the General Education Setting

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School Supports in the General Education Setting

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MTSS: Multi-Tier System of Supports- As the name implies, this framework has a tiered infrastructure that uses data to help match academic and social-emotional behavior assessment and instructional resources to each student's needs.

PBIS: Positive Behavioral Intervention and Support- an evidence based three tiered framework to improve and integrate all of the data, systems, and practices affecting student outcomes every day.

RTI: Response to Intervention- a multi-tier approach to the early identification and support of students with learning and behavior needs. This includes high quality classroom instruction, screenings, group interventions, targeted interventions, and intensive interventions. RTI is primarily focused on academic areas.

SWPBS: School Wide Positive Behavior Supports- a framework that brings together school communities to develop positive, safe, supportive learning cultures. SWPBS assists schools to improve social, emotional, behavioral and academic outcomes for children and young people.

IAT: Intervention Assistance Team- A team formed to determine appropriate interventions for a student who has an academic or behavioral need.

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CBM: Curriculum-Based Measurement- is an approach to measuring students academic growth along with evaluating the effectiveness of instruction.

ORF: Oral Reading Fluency- How quickly and accurately a student can read, usually described in Words Correct Per Minute (WCPM).

WCPM: Words Correct Per Minute-  used to measure oral reading fluency.

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ODE: Ohio Department of Education- A diverse team of passionate, education-focused professionals dedicated to fulfilling the vision established in Ohio’s strategic plan for education.

NASP: National Association of School Psychologists- A professional association representing more than 25,000 school psychologists, graduate students, and related professionals throughout the United States and an additional 25 countries worldwide.

NCSP: Nationally Certified School Psychologist- A credential that recognizes school psychologists who meet rigorous national standards for graduate preparation and continuing professional development.

SST: State Support Team- collaborates with schools, families, regional partners and the Department through a continuous improvement process to ensure each child in Ohio has access to a high-quality education; S Support Team consultants assist districts and schools in improving outcomes for each child with a focus on leadership, team development and inclusive instructional practices.

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ELL: English Language Learner- The term refers to individuals who have limited proficiency in the English language and includes children and adults of all ages.

ESL: English as a Second Language- English is not the first language

LEP: Limited English Proficiency- Individuals who do not speak English as their primary language and who have a limited ability to read, speak, write, or understand English.

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OCD: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder- A disorder that features a pattern of unwanted thoughts and fears (obsessions) that lead someone to do repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These obsessions and compulsions interfere with daily activities and cause significant distress.

ODD: Oppositional Defiant Disorder- A disorder that includes a frequent and ongoing pattern of anger, irritability, arguing and defiance toward parents and other authority figures.

ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder- Individuals with Autism often have difficulties with social communication and interaction, and restricted or repetitive behaviors or interests.

PTSD: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder-  a psychiatric disorder that may occur in people who have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, series of events or set of circumstances. An individual may experience this as emotionally or physically harmful or life-threatening and may affect mental, physical, social, and/or spiritual well-being.

ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- A chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.

SAD: Separation Anxiety Disorder- an intense fear of being separated from a loved one or caregiver. It can affect children and adults. Separation anxiety is a normal emotion in babies and toddlers. When anxiety interferes with age-appropriate behavior, it becomes a disorder that needs to be treated. Treatment can include therapy and medication.

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A witness of fact is someone with direct knowledge and can only testify to facts (no opinions/interpretations). No special knowledge is required to be a witness of fact. A witness of fact is involved in the case because they have a relationship to the party. Typical issues a therapist serving as a witness of fact may comment on include attendance in counseling, client treatment goals and progress, observations of client behavior, and test results (without interpretation).

An expert witness is someone involved in a case because of the litigation. They must have special knowledge (meaning skill, experience, training, etc.). The court must declare someone an expert witness prior to their testimony. It is expected that an expert witness provide an opinion (beyond just the observable facts).

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Common Court Mandated Treatment Services

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Common Court Mandated Treatment Services

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Anger management/aggression management programs

BIP (Batterers Intervention Program)

DIP (Drivers Intervention Program)

Sex offender treatment/sex offending recovery programs

AOD treatment/assessment

Parenting programs

Family mediation

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The Ohio Court of Appeals is made up of 12 districts and its primary function is to hear appeals from:

Court of Common Pleas

Municipal Courts

County Courts

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The Ohio Supreme Court sees:

appeals or conflicting opinions from the 2 district courts of appeals in Ohio

cases that involve the death penalty

cases that involve the U.S. or state constitution

cases in which the post conviction review process reveals evidence that supports innocence

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The U.S. Court of Appeals is made up of 94 judicial circuits organized into 12 regional courts of appeals

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The U.S Supreme Court is the highest court and is made up of 8 justices and 1 Chief Justice. It oversees disputes between states and cases from the state court of appeals.

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IEP (Individualized Education Plan): An Individualized Education Program is a legal document under United States law that is developed for each public school child in the U.S. who needs special education. It is created through a team of the child's parent and district personnel who are knowledgeable about the child's needs.

ETR (Evaluation Team Report ): A long, comprehensive document that is compiled by the education team at the request of the parent/guardian to evaluate if a student is eligible for special education services.

MTSS (Multi-Tiered System of Support): It’s a framework many schools use to give targeted support to struggling students. MTSS is designed to help schools identify struggling students early and intervene quickly. It focuses on the “whole child.” That means it supports academic growth, but many other areas, too. These include behavior, social and emotional needs, and absenteeism

IS (Intervention Specialist):  Plans, implements, and evaluates student learning experiences using a differentiated curriculum. Helps students manage behavior and make appropriate choices. Encourages parental involvement. Complies with state and Federal laws pertaining to the education of students with disabilities.

504 Plan: A 504 plan is a written document. It describes the changes (modifications and/or accommodations) a disabled student needs in order to have equal access to the same education as non-disabled students in the school.

FERPA (Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act): The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974 is a United States federal law that governs the access to educational information and records by public entities such as potential employers, publicly funded educational institutions, and foreign governments.

IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act): The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with a Free Appropriate Public Education that is tailored to their individual needs.

SLP (Speech-language Pathologist): Assesses and treat people who have speech, language, voice, and fluency disorders.

ELA (English Language Arts)

ELL (English Language Learners)

IA (Instructional Assistant)

PBIS (Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports): evidence-based three-tiered framework to improve and integrate all of the data, systems, and practices affecting student outcomes every day.

RTI (Response to Intervention): is an educational strategy used in schools to Provide effective and high-quality instruction, Monitor all students' progress to make sure they are progressing as expected, and. Provide additional support (intervention) to students who are struggling.

SEL: (Social-Emotional Learning): building skills and mindsets necessary for students to thrive in all life areas. These competencies include understanding and managing emotions, setting and achieving positive goals, and feeling and showing empathy to others.

Title-IX: (Title 9): an educational amendment that prohibits sex discrimination in educational programs and activities. All public and private school districts, colleges and universities that receive federal funding must comply with Title-IX.

CSCP: (Comprehensive School Counseling Program): a total education program that helps every student acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes in the areas of academics, social/emotional learning, and career counseling. This promotes academic achievement and meets developmental needs.

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LPC (Licensed Professional Counselor)

LPCC (Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor)

LPCC-S (Supervising Professional Clinical Counselor)

LSW (Licensed Social Worker)
LISW (Licensed Independent Social Worke)r

MFT (Marriage and Family Therapist)

CDCA (Chemical Dependency Counseling Assistant)

LICDC (Licensed Independent Clinical Dependency Counselor)

MHA/T (Mental Health Assistant or Technician)

MSEd (Masters’ of Science in Education)

MHS (Mental Health Specialist)

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ADAMH (Alcohol, Drugs, and Mental Health Board): local county substance and mental health board that provides funding to some agency.

AIMS: (Agency Information Management System): the replacement for combining Clinical Information System, Billing, HR, Transcription.  A system that manages all of the agency’s tasks together.

AOD (Alcohol and Other Drugs): refers to substance abuse problems and treatment

APA (American Psychological Association): accreditation organization for our doctoral interns

ARC (Automated Registry Check): is an effective, time-saving tool for home and community based providers to conduct pre- and post-hiring checks of employees in six required registries

BH Redesign (Behavioral Health Redesign): refers to the Ohio’s plan to redesign the medical payor and reimbursement system

CAC (Child Advocacy Center): a multidisciplinary team that responds to child abuse with the investigation and coordinate services for the family.  Usually consist of law enforcement, forensic interview services, medical services, family and victim advocacy services, prosecutor, mental health services and the local children services board.

CAHQ (Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare, Inc): credentialing data base to eliminate duplicative paperwork for healthcare providers used for credentialing, claims processing, quality assurance, emergency response.

CARF (Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities): provides accreditation services worldwide at the request of health and human service providers—one of MOPS’ accrediting bodies

CMH (Community Mental Health): community-based programs that serve individual and families with mental health issues

CMS (The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services) is the federal agency that administers Medicare and Medicaid, and regulates the certification of agencies and care facilities for people with developmental disabilities, medical, surgical, and diagnostic procedures and services to entities such as physicians, health insurance companies, and accreditation organizations.

CPT Code (Current Procedural Terminology): is a medical code set

CPST (Community Psychiatric Support Treatment): case management services and coordination care

CSWMFT (Counselor, Social Work, Marriage and Family Therapy Board)

DA (Diagnostic Assessment): first appointment for clients to assess and determine diagnosis

DYS (Department of Youth): accrediting body for our Juvenile Sexual Offender program

HEDIS (Health Effectiveness Data and Information Set): performance management measures used nationally

ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases): a code used in the medical field to identify ailments and conditions.

ISP (Individualized Service Plan): treatment plan that includes: diagnosis, treatment goals, progress and comments, dictates what happens during the course of treatment and what is worked on in session

JCARR (Joint Committee on Administrative Rule Review): The legislative committee that reviews and approves all departmental non-emergency rules before they can become effective.

LPC/LPCC (Licensed Professional Counselor/Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor)

LSW/LISW (Licensed Social Worker/Licensed Independent Social Worker)

MCO (Medicaid Managed Care Organization): delivers Medicaid health benefits and additional services through contracted agreements between state Medicaid agencies and MCOs

OMHAS (Ohio Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services): regulating body that oversees mental health and addiction services provided in the state.

MITS (Medicaid Information Technology System): web-based Medicaid management system that is in “real time.”  Used to check the status of a consumer’s insurance status.

OAC (Ohio Administrate Code): the state agencies promulgating rules and regulations that are considered administrative law that is the ORC fleshed out.

ORC (Ohio Revised Code): contains current law of the Ohio General Assembly of a permanent and general natures.

PFK (Nationwide Children’s Hospital Partner for Kids): the ACO that MOPS belongs to that provides incentive

PHI (Protected Health Information): personal information protected under HIPAA

P/L (Profit/Loss Statement): also known as the Income Statement or the Statement of Operations to indicate the current financial status of an organization

QI (Quality Improvement)

QMHS (Qualified Mental Health Specialist): typically a bachelor’s level staff member who provides case management services

ROI (Release of Information): document that permits contact (release of any information) between two individuals with certain conditions.  There are multiple requirements that need to be met in order to be a valid ROI according to OMHAS and Medicaid.

SAY/JSO (Sexually Aggressive Youth/Juvenile Sex Offender): refers to a youth population who has exhibited sexual aggression and acting out.  This individual does not have to be adjudicated on a sexual offense to be included in this program.

SOC (Standard of Care): collection of resources for all staff in a wiki format

TBS (Therapeutic Behavioral Services): a therapeutic services similar to case management

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Municipal courts are often a base level in state court systems. They are typically courts of limited jurisdiction, with authority over matters such as misdemeanor crimes or petty offenses committed in their city or township.  The rules governing the functioning of municipal courts are prescribed by state statutes and thus vary state to state.

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ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy): an action-oriented approach to psychotherapy that stems from traditional behavior therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy
CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy): a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps people learn how to identify and change the destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on their behavior and emotions

DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy): a modified type of cognitive behavioral therapy. Its main goals are to teach people how to live in the moment, develop healthy ways to cope with stress, regulate their emotions, and improve their relationships with others
IFS (Internal Family Systems): an approach to psychotherapy that identifies and addresses multiple sub-personalities or families within each person’s mental system

MI (Motivational Interviewing): a counseling method that helps people resolve ambivalent feelings and insecurities to find the internal motivation they need to change their behavior

EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing): a structured therapy that encourages the patient to focus briefly on the trauma memory while simultaneously experiencing bilateral stimulation (typically eye movements), which is associated with a reduction in the vividness and emotion associated with the trauma memories

ERP (Exposure and Response Therapy): a behavioral therapy that gradually exposes people to situations designed to provoke a person’s obsessions in a safe environment

MBCT (Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy): a type of psychotherapy that involves a combination of cognitive behavioral therapy, meditation, and mindfulness

MBSR (Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction): intensive mindfulness training including meditation, yoga, body awareness, behavioral awareness, and emotional awareness

REBT (Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy): a form of cognitive behavior therapy based on the concept that an individual’s self-defeating beliefs influence and cause negative feelings and undesirable behaviors

SFBT (Solutions Focused Brief Therapy): a strength-based approach to psychotherapy based on solution-building rather than problem-solving

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The courts of common pleas are the trial courts of general jurisdiction in the state. They are the only trial courts created by the Ohio Constitution (in Article IV, Section 1). The duties of the courts are outlined in Article IV, Section 4. Each of Ohio's 88 counties has a court of common pleas. The Ohio General Assembly (the state legislature) has the power to divide courts of common pleas into divisions, and has done so, establishing general, domestic relations, juvenile, and probate divisions:

General divisions have original jurisdiction in all criminal felony cases, all civil cases in which the amount in controversy is more than $15,000, and all cases involving title to real estate, excepting eviction matters. General divisions also have appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of some state administrative agencies and of city agencies.

Domestic relations divisions have jurisdiction over proceedings involving divorce (dissolution of marriage), annulment, legal separation, spousal support, parental rights, children, etc.

Juvenile divisions hear cases involving juvenile delinquency (minors under 18 years of age charged with acts that would be crimes if committed by an adult) as well as cases involving unruly, dependent and neglected children. Juvenile courts have jurisdiction in adult cases involving paternity, child abuse, non-payment of child support, contributing to the delinquency of minors, and the failure to send children to school (truancy).

Probate divisions – Formerly probate was handled by separate probate courts under Ohio Constitution of 1851, which had original jurisdiction over the probate of wills, supervision of the administration of estates, and guardianship. In 1968, the Modern Courts Amendment to the Ohio Constitution was adopted, establishing probate divisions of the courts of common pleas instead. Probate courts additionally have jurisdiction over the issuance of marriage licenses, adoption proceedings, determination of sanity or mental competency and certain eminent domain proceedings. Probate judges may also act as marriage officiants and charge a fee for the service.

Judges of the court of common pleas are elected to six-year terms on a nonpartisan ballot, although candidates may choose to run in partisan primary elections. In order to be appointed or elected to the court, a person must be an attorney with at least six years of experience in the practice of law.