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Reciprocal altruism occurs when someone cooperates with another by giving benefits (their own needs and wants) to a person in need, with the expectation that in the future they will return the favor (1.2 Affect, Behavior, and Cognition). As we can see in the image, the person in red is expressing reciprocal altruism but in this case, the person in green is turning the offer down.

https://studiousguy.com/reciprocal-altruism-examples/

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Counterfactual thinking refers to the tendency to think about events according to what might have been or what if's. As the video shows, we tend to create alternate realities for events that may or have already happened to see what the possible outcomes might be (2.2 How we use our expectations). I decided to choose this item because counterfactual thinking is something that I find myself doing all the time and I thought it was a very funny way to understand it as Sheldon and Amy make it into a game.

https://brandednoise.com/2017/09/26/counterfactual-thinking/

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The Big Bang Theory - Sheldon & Amy's Game Counter-Factuals

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First of all, social comparison happens when we learn about our strengths, weaknesses, abilities, and social status by comparing our attitudes and beliefs with others. Upward social comparison occurs when the person we compare ourselves to is better off than we are (4.3 The Social Self). An example of upward social comparison can be seen in Taylor Swift's song "You Belong with Me" because, in the song, Taylor Swift compares herself with her crush's girlfriend, who is very popular and attractive, and points out she is no match against her. But when there is upward social comparison, it can lower self-esteem but it can also motivate the person to do better and strive for higher goals. This is evident in the music video as Taylor Swift decides to show up to prom and confess her love for him and to her surprise, he shared those same feelings for her.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuNIsY6JdUw

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Fight or Flight and Tend-and-Befriend Response

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Fight or Flight and Tend-and-Befriend Response

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The fight or flight response talks about our reaction, both physical and emotional, to a threat. It causes our stress levels to increase as we turn on our survival mode and prepare for action. Usually, this response is more common in men than in women(3.2 Emotions, Stress, and Well-being). On the other hand, tend and befriend response is also a response to a threat but consists of protecting those near you and creating social networks to increase mutual protection. This is more common in women than in men (3.2 Emotions, Stress, and Well-being).
This article provided by Wired, shows many cases around the US of encounters with wild turkeys. Most of the cases here demonstrate a tend-and-befriend response as many people saw the wild turkey as another friendly neighbor in the block and mourned the turkey when it passed away. Other cases clearly demonstrate the fight or flight response as a lady was chased down by a group of turkeys when she was just trying to get the mail or another woman who had a stand off with a turkey who was blocking her driveway. Again, usually, the fight or flight response is seen more in men but there are exceptions to every case.

https://www.wired.com/2014/11/weirdest-incidents-wild-turkeys/

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The Weirdest Incidents Involving Wild Turkeys This Week

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Wild turkeys were “everywhere” on Cape Cod, despite having once been extinct in Massachusetts. The birds were also booming again in Ohio, Florida, Texas, Michigan, Minnesota, Iowa, and New Jersey, where turkey numbers had increased a thousand-fold since 1977, when 22 wild turkeys were brought in fro…

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Has it ever happened to you in social gatherings where it is easier to remember the name of the first person you met than the name of the fifth person? Well, it happens to me all the time and the graph above totally demonstrates the way I receive information. This is known as the primacy effect.  It occurs because we pay more attention to the information that is given to us first and will weigh more heavily than the information that comes after (6.1 Initial Impression Formation). But, it should noted that we will remember with ease the latest information we have received but our brains will try to align it with our initial impressions.

https://thedecisionlab.com/biases/primacy-effect

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Overjustification occurs when we start losing interest and motivation in an activity we used to enjoy when a reward is given to us to do that activity (5.3 Changing Attitudes by Changing Behavior). The image above shows the behavior process of a situation where a person is given a reward to do something they like, which in this case is playing the violin. When this person is given $1000 to play the violin they are even happier because they would earn money to do what they like but once that reward is removed, they see no point in doing that activity anymore so their motivation has shifted by an external factor and it is not influenced by their own interest.

https://productiveclub.com/overjustification-effect/