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When Earth had formed from hot gases and solid, there was almost no atmosphere. As Earth cooled, the atmosphere had formed mainly from gases spewed from volcanoes and included hydrogen sulfide, methane, and carbon dioxide. After about half a billion years, Earth’s surface cooled and solidified enough for water to be collected.

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This timeframe was known as the Archean Eon because it was the beginning of the rock record. Methane droplets in the air covered the Earth in a global haze and there wasn't any oxygen gas at all. Oxygen was only in compounds, such as water, since complex chemical reactions in the oceans had transformed carbon. This trapped those molecules into simple, living cells that did not need oxygen to survive and made their energy out of sulfur and other elements.

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The methane haze had started to clear and the sky began to turn blue. Life and Earth's Atmosphere began to evolve as small, photosynthetic organisms produced enough oxygen to react with methane and changed the atmosphere. After making oxygen for about 300 million years, enough oxygen had built up and oxidized the iron in rocks and soil to make reddish iron oxide and created huge expanses of redbeds.

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This timeframe is known as the Carboniferous Period because plants had started to fill the land. Forests had grown on land and giant swamps had filled low-lying areas as oxygen levels began to rise. When great masses of dead plants became buried underneath swamps and didn't have contact with oxygen, levels of carbon dioxide dropped and made the world cooler. Glaciers started to form at the poles, while the equatorial regions were often warm and humid, which created shifting between glacial and interglacial periods.

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Scientists start to understand that changes in the atmosphere affect Earth's climate as it became much warmer. The winters were warm due to the lack of polar ice caps and many kinds of plants and animals lived in the polar regions. The Eocene Epoch was the warmest time throughout these years as palm trees grew north up to Canada and forests of dawn redwoods covered Ellesmere Island located near the North Pole. Alligator relatives swam in the swamps since the Arctic Ocean wasn't frozen and mammals that were related to flying lemurs climbed the dawn redwood trees.