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To the point above about children and young people in the war, many fighters were teens. That might be an angle in looking at any of these groups.

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To the point above about children and young people in the war, many fighters were teens. That might be an angle in looking at any of these groups.

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Technologies invented or perfected due to the War efforts such as the use of radar. Could also profile Hedy Lamar and her invention/ design of frequency hopping.

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Technologies invented or perfected due to the War efforts such as the use of radar. Could also profile Hedy Lamar and her invention/ design of frequency hopping.

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The Ghost Army: The Ghost Army was a unit of the United States Army that was responsible for creating decoys and illusions to mislead the enemy. The unit was composed of artists, designers, and other creative professionals (including designer Bill Blass).

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The Ghost Army: The Ghost Army was a unit of the United States Army that was responsible for creating decoys and illusions to mislead the enemy. The unit was composed of artists, designers, and other creative professionals (including designer Bill Blass).

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https://www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/exhibits/traveling-exhibits/ghost-army-combat-con-artists-world-war-ii

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Activated on January 20, 1944, the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops, known as the "Ghost Army," was the first mobile, multimedia, tactical deception unit in US Army history. Consisting of an authorized strength of 82 officers and 1,023 men under the command of Army veteran Colonel Harry L. Reeder, this unique and top-secret unit was capable of simulating two whole divisions-approximately 30,000 men-and used visual, sonic, and radio deception to fool German forces during World War II's final year. Now, through The National WWII Museum's newest special exhibit, Ghost Army: The Combat Con Artists of World War II, visitors can learn the story of the 23rd and their role in Allied victory through featured artifacts such as artwork, uniforms, an inflatable tank, and more.

Armed with nothing heavier than .50 caliber machine guns, the 23rd took part in 22 large-scale deceptions in Europe from Normandy to the Rhine River, the bulk of the unit arriving in England in May 1944, shortly before D-Day. The brainchild of Colonel Billy Harris and Major Ralph Ingersoll, both American military planners based in London, the unit consisted of a carefully selected group of artists, engineers, professional soldiers, and draftees, including famed artists such as fashion designer Bill Blass, painter Ellsworth Kelly, and photographer Art Kane. Many West Point graduates and former Army Specialized Training Program participants were assigned to the 23rd, and it was said to have one of the highest IQs in the Army with an average of 119. The unit waged war with inflatable tanks and vehicles, fake radio traffic, sound effects, and even phony generals, using imagination and illusion to trick the enemy while saving thousands of lives along the way. The 23rd, along with the 3133rd Signal Service Company in Italy, helped liberate Europe from the grip of Nazi tyranny.

Following the war, the unit's soldiers were sworn to secrecy, records were classified, and equipment packed away. Except for a newspaper article right after the war, no one spoke publicly about the deceivers until a 1985 Smithsonian article. Though knowledge of the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops was then public, it was still officially classified until the mid-1990s.

In Ghost Army, the unique story of the 23rd's more than 1,100 men who deceived, sketched, and painted across Europe to manipulate Hitler's armies is told through multiple elements including historical narrative text panels detailing unit operations, profiles of unit officers, archival photography, and even sketches and uniforms from unit officers. In addition, a robust schedule of public programming and educational initiatives, free to the public and students, will further explore the exhibit's themes.

After its run on the Museum campus, Ghost Army will be available for booking at institutions across the country including museums and local history centers.

Ghost Army: The Combat Con Artists of World War II is exclusively sponsored by E. L. Wiegand Foundation.

September 2021 - May 2022

August 2023 - December 2023

January 2024 - December 2024

Booking Terms

16 week minimum booking

$30,000 plus inbound shipping

Travel Schedule
Illinois Holocaust Museum & Education Center
Skokie, IL
Display Dates: June 16, 2022 - January 2, 2023

Nevada Museum of Art
Reno, NV
Display Dates: March 4, 2023 to July 23, 2023

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Ghost Army: The Combat Con Artists of World War II | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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Activated on January 20, 1944, the 23rd Headquarters Special Troops, known as the "Ghost Army," was the first mobile, multimedia, tactical deception unit in US Army history. Consisting of an authorized strength of 82 officers and 1,023 men under the command of Army veteran Colonel Harry L.

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Kids on the U.S. homefront--what they did to help? (e.g., scrap metal drives)

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Kids on the U.S. homefront--what they did to help? (e.g., scrap metal drives)

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WWII from a child/young person's perspective. What were young people doing during WWII? Could we touch on Hitler Youth - why.how this happened? As well as stories of young people being courageous?

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WWII from a child/young person's perspective. What were young people doing during WWII? Could we touch on Hitler Youth - why.how this happened? As well as stories of young people being courageous?

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Women's role in the workforce, taking over for men, and then being sent back to the kitchen post-war

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Women's role in the workforce, taking over for men, and then being sent back to the kitchen post-war

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German POWs in the southern U.S. (they were treated better than Black soldiers)

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German POWs in the southern U.S. (they were treated better than Black soldiers)

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Monuments men, a group of Allied soldiers who were tasked with recovering and protecting art and cultural artifacts during the war. Their efforts helped to preserve countless treasures for future generations.

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Monuments men, a group of Allied soldiers who were tasked with recovering and protecting art and cultural artifacts during the war. Their efforts helped to preserve countless treasures for future generations.

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What precautions people in the U.S. had to undertake (e.g., air raids)

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What precautions people in the U.S. had to undertake (e.g., air raids)

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How close the war came to N. America (e.g., German spies captured in the U.S., Japanese bombing over Oregon, Pearl Harbor, fighting in Aleutian Islands, U-boats near East Coast of U.S., U-boat in St. Lawrence River to Montreal)

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How close the war came to N. America (e.g., German spies captured in the U.S., Japanese bombing over Oregon, Pearl Harbor, fighting in Aleutian Islands, U-boats near East Coast of U.S., U-boat in St. Lawrence River to Montreal)

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Lesser known heroes (e.g., Tuskegee Airmen, Japanese Americans who left internment camps to fight)

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Lesser known heroes (e.g., Tuskegee Airmen, Japanese Americans who left internment camps to fight)

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They trained at Camp Ritchie. Many were young "German-born Jews who fled their homeland, came to America, and then joined the U.S. Army. Their mission: to use their knowledge of the German language and culture to return to Europe and fight Naziism."

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ritchie-boys-60-minutes-2022-07-03/

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The Women's Air Force Service Pilots (Wasp force)

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The Women's Air Force Service Pilots (Wasp force)

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In World War Two (there were also many teens among the Wasp force, so could focus on that and on teens among Tuskegee Airmen and Navajo Code Talkers)

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The Tuskegee Airman and/ or the Navajo Code Talkers 

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The Tuskegee Airman and/ or the Navajo Code Talkers 

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The role of propaganda on both sides of the war.

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The role of propaganda on both sides of the war.

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The U.S. role in WWII and/or the war from the U.S. perspective

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The U.S. role in WWII and/or the war from the U.S. perspective

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The war from the perspective of a country that wasn't involved (Switzerland, Spain, Sweden)

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The war from the perspective of a country that wasn't involved (Switzerland, Spain, Sweden)

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Engineering feats in World War II or maybe something on the way ordinary people helped win the war. Thinking of the Burma Road-- how ordinary Chinese built a road to supply country blockaded by Japan. 

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Engineering feats in World War II or maybe something on the way ordinary people helped win the war. Thinking of the Burma Road-- how ordinary Chinese built a road to supply country blockaded by Japan. 

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-stories-i-learned-walking-the-burma-road-perhaps-wwiis-greatest-engineering-feat

https://history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm

Also, the Alaska Highway. https://dot.alaska.gov/nreg/akhwy75/akhwy75.shtml

Teens helped contribute to both engineering marvels.

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Some Indigenous people allied with the British(?)

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Some Indigenous people allied with the British(?)

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Or, the Culper Spy ring could be part of a unit on women in the Revolutionary war, including Molly Pitcher and Sybil Ludington.

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Or, the Culper Spy ring could be part of a unit on women in the Revolutionary war, including Molly Pitcher and Sybil Ludington.

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To go along with spies to the left, we could do a T4 on the Culper Spy Ring, a group of men and women spies who gathered intelligence for George Washington and helped win several key battles.  

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To go along with spies to the left, we could do a T4 on the Culper Spy Ring, a group of men and women spies who gathered intelligence for George Washington and helped win several key battles.  

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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Culper-Spy-Ring

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Culper Spy Ring | American intelligence organization

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Culper Spy Ring: Culper Spy Ring, American intelligence organization that was put together and managed by Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge for the Continental Army during the American Revolution. It operated in British-controlled New York City from 1778 to 1783. The ring was named for the operational names of two of its

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Spies, including unlikely spies like women, children, and enslaved persons - the stakes for them etc.

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Spies, including unlikely spies like women, children, and enslaved persons - the stakes for them etc.

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What was happening to Indigenous people at this time?

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What was happening to Indigenous people at this time?

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Imagine what life would be like if the American Revolution hadn't happened

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Imagine what life would be like if the American Revolution hadn't happened

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France’s support of America during their revolution 

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France’s support of America during their revolution 

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What happened in Canada during the American Revolution (Did Canada also try to revolt against Britain?)

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What happened in Canada during the American Revolution (Did Canada also try to revolt against Britain?)

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The tension in the colonies between those who supported the movement and those who wanted to stand with England. The war pitted neighbor against neighbor. (The majority of colonists did not support the war.)

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Along the lines of the maps idea below, we could do something on flags in the Revolutionary War, including what became known as the Betsy Ross flag.

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Along the lines of the maps idea below, we could do something on flags in the Revolutionary War, including what became known as the Betsy Ross flag.

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Interesting story about George Washington hoisting the Grand Union flag and how it was confused with the Union Jack, making British soldiers think the colonists had surrendered. https://prologue.blogs.archives.gov/2010/06/14/a-funny-thing-happened-on-the-way-to-the-revolutionary-war/

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How maps made war and peace during the Revolutionary War period. 

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How maps made war and peace during the Revolutionary War period. 

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Publishing a map that showed your country's possession of land could lead to war. Likewise, maps were drawn up to show the result of war. Mapmakers were often in the heat of battle and sometimes wounded as they sketched the battle. And troops on both sides relied on maps for the war, particularly given that much of the country had not been properly mapped.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/160117-american-history-revolutionary-war-map

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The role of Native women in suffrage movement.

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The role of Native women in suffrage movement.

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Along the lines of the automobile, I was thinking of aviation and even rocketry and how they made huge leaps in the 1920s.

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Along the lines of the automobile, I was thinking of aviation and even rocketry and how they made huge leaps in the 1920s.

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The first liquid fuel rocket, which seems to be a precursor to rockets that could reach space, was developed in the 1920s. Maybe there could be a unit on tech advances in the 1920s? (with skyscrapers, aviation, rockets, automobiles, telephones, and first commercial radio station), or maybe just transportation advances? Also, Black aviators "breached the social barriers of flight" in the 1920s.

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Role of Black women in suffrage movement

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Role of Black women in suffrage movement

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There are lots of subjects we likely can't cover, such as the Tulsa Race Massacre, Prohibition, and organized crime. Is there a way to include (or get around) these prominent issues?

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There are lots of subjects we likely can't cover, such as the Tulsa Race Massacre, Prohibition, and organized crime. Is there a way to include (or get around) these prominent issues?

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Related to civil rights movement of the 1920s, Tulsa Race Massacre (probably not an entire unit, but maybe it could be part of a unit.)

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Related to civil rights movement of the 1920s, Tulsa Race Massacre (probably not an entire unit, but maybe it could be part of a unit.)

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Women's suffrage (Did it lead to an increase in women running for office?)

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Women's suffrage (Did it lead to an increase in women running for office?)

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Rise of nationalist movements across the world

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Rise of nationalist movements across the world

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Related to civil rights movement, maybe look at several --including the passage of 19th amendment, the role of Native women suffrage activism, work of the NAACP, the Smith-Fess Act to help people with disabilities.

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Related to civil rights movement, maybe look at several --including the passage of 19th amendment, the role of Native women suffrage activism, work of the NAACP, the Smith-Fess Act to help people with disabilities.

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Culture in the 1920s (include music, fashion etc)

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Culture in the 1920s (include music, fashion etc)

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https://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties/roaring-twenties-history

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Flappers: The 'New Woman'

Perhaps the most familiar symbol of the "Roaring Twenties" is probably the flapper: a young woman with bobbed hair and short skirts who drank, smoked and said "unladylike" things, in addition to being more sexually "free" than previous generations. In reality, most young women in the 1920s did none of these things (though many did adopt a fashionable flapper wardrobe), but even those women who were not flappers gained some unprecedented freedoms.

They could vote at last: The 19th Amendment to the Constitution had guaranteed that right in 1920, though it would be decades before Black women in the South could fully exercise their right to vote without Jim Crow segregation laws.

Millions of women worked in blue-collar jobs, as well as white-collar jobs (as stenographers, for example) and could afford to participate in the burgeoning consumer economy. The increased availability of birth-control devices such as the diaphragm made it possible for women to have fewer children.

In 1912, an estimated 16 percent of American households had electricity; by the mid-1920s, more than 60 percent did. And with this electrification came new machines and technologies like the washing machine, the freezer and the vacuum cleaner eliminated some of the drudgeries of household work.

Did you know? Because the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act did not make it illegal to drink alcohol, only to manufacture and sell it, many people stockpiled liquor before the ban went into effect. Rumor had it that the Yale Club in New York City had a 14-year supply of booze in its basement.

Fashion, Fads and Film Stars

During the 1920s, many Americans had extra money to spend-and spend it they did, on movies, fashion and consumer goods such as ready-to-wear clothing and home appliances like electric refrigerators. In particular, they bought radios.

The first commercial radio station in the United States, Pittsburgh's KDKA, hit the airwaves in 1920. Two years later Warren G. Harding became the first president to address the nation by radio -and three years later there were more than 500 stations in the nation. By the end of the 1920s, there were radios in more than 12 million households.

People also swarmed to see Hollywood movies: Historians estimate that, by the end of the decades, three-quarters of the American population visited a movie theater every week, and actors like Charlie Chaplin, Gloria Swanson, Rudolph Valentino and Tallulah Bankhead became household names.

But the most important consumer product of the 1920s was the automobile. Low prices (the Ford Model T cost just $260 in 1924) and generous credit made cars affordable luxuries at the beginning of the decade; by the end, they were practically necessities.

By 1929 there was one car on the road for every five Americans. Meanwhile, an economy of automobiles was born: Businesses like service stations and motels sprang up to meet drivers' needs-as did the burgeoning oil industry.

The Jazz Age

Cars also gave young people the freedom to go where they pleased and do what they wanted. (Some pundits called them "bedrooms on wheels.") What many young people wanted to do was dance: the Charleston, the cake walk, the black bottom and the flea hop were popular dances of the era.

Jazz bands played at venues like the Savoy and the Cotton Club in New York City and the Aragon in Chicago; radio stations and phonograph records (100 million of which were sold in 1927 alone) carried their tunes to listeners across the nation. Some older people objected to jazz music's "vulgarity" and "depravity" (and the "moral disasters" it supposedly inspired), but many in the younger generation loved the freedom they felt on the dance floor.

The novels of F. Scott Fitzgerald chronicled the hedonism and excitement of the Jazz Age-Fitzgerald once claimed that the 1920s were "the most expensive orgy in history"-while other writers, artists, musicians and designers ushered in a new era of experimental Art Deco and modernist creativity.

Prohibition Era

During the 1920s, some freedoms were expanded while others were curtailed. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified in 1919, had banned the manufacture and sale of "intoxicating liquors," and at 12 a.m. on January 16, 1920, the federal Volstead Act closed every tavern, bar and saloon in the United States. From then on, it was illegal to sell any "intoxication beverages" with more than 0.5 percent alcohol.

This drove the liquor trade underground-now, instead of ordinary bars, people simply went to nominally illegal speakeasies, where liquor was controlled by bootleggers, racketeers and other organized crime figures such as Chicago gangster Al Capone. (Capone reportedly had 1,000 gunmen and half of Chicago's police force on his payroll.)

To many middle-class white Americans, Prohibition was a way to assert some control over the unruly immigrant masses who crowded the nation's cities. For instance, to the so-called "Drys," beer was known as "Kaiser brew." Drinking was a symbol of all they disliked about the modern city, and eliminating alcohol would, they believed, turn back the clock to an earlier and more comfortable time

Immigration and Racism in the 1920s

Prohibition was not the only source of social tension during the 1920s. An anti- Communist "Red Scare" in 1919 and 1920 encouraged a widespread nativist and anti-immigrant hysteria. This led to the passage of an extremely restrictive immigration law, the National Origins Act of 1924, which set immigration quotas that excluded some people (Eastern Europeans and Asians) in favor of others (Northern Europeans and people from Great Britain, for example).

Immigrants were hardly the only targets in this decade. The Great Migration of Black Americans from the rural South to Northern cities and the increasing visibility of Black culture-jazz and blues music, for example, and the literary movement known as the Harlem Renaissance-discomfited some white Americans. Millions of people, not just in the South but across the country, joined the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s.

By the middle of the decade, the KKK had two million members, many of whom believed the Klan represented a return to all the "values" that the fast-paced, city-slicker Roaring Twenties were trampling. More specifically, the 1920s represented economic and political uplift for Black Americans that threatened the social hierarchy of Jim Crow oppression.

Early Civil Rights Activism

During this decade, Black Americans sought stable employment, better living conditions and political participation. Many who migrated to the North found jobs in the automobile, steel, shipbuilding and meatpacking industries. But with more work came more exploitation.

In 1925, civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph founded the first predominantly Black labor union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, to draw attention to the discriminatory hiring practices and working conditions for Blacks. And as housing demands increased for Black people in the North, so did discriminatory housing practices that led to a rise of urban ghettos, where Black Americans-excluded from white neighborhoods-were relegated to inadequate, overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions.

Black Americans battled for political and civil rights throughout the Roaring Twenties and beyond. The NAACP launched investigations into Black disenfranchisement in the 1920 presidential election, as well as surges of white mob violence, such as the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921.

The NAACP also pushed for the passage of the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, a law to make lynching a federal crime, but it was defeated by a Senate filibuster in 1922. A political milestone for Black Americans finally occurred when Oscar De Priest, a Chicago Republican, became the first Black congressman since Reconstruction to be elected to the House of Representatives in 1928.

The Roaring Twenties ushered in several demographic shifts, or what one historian called a "cultural Civil War" between city-dwellers and small-town residents, Protestants and Catholics, Blacks and whites, "New Women" and advocates of old-fashioned family values.

But coming immediately after the hardships of World War I and the Spanish flu epidemic, the Roaring Twenties also gave many middle-class Americans an unprecedented taste of freedom, unbridled fun and upward economic mobility unsurpassed in U.S. history.

Sources

What Caused the Roaring Twenties? Not the End of a Pandemic (Probably). Smithsonian Magazine.
The Roaring Twenties. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History.
The Roaring 20s. PBS: American Experience.

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Roaring Twenties: Flappers, Prohibition & Jazz Age - HISTORY

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The Roaring Twenties were a Jazz Age burst of prosperity and freedom for flappers and others during the Prohibition era, until the economy crashed in 1929.

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Why is it called the Roaring Twenties? (economy was doing well; post-WWI boom)

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Why is it called the Roaring Twenties? (economy was doing well; post-WWI boom)

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Radio changed how people learned things, i.e., people could hear about news before reading it in the newspaper

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Radio changed how people learned things, i.e., people could hear about news before reading it in the newspaper

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The beginning of commercial radio and the advent of mass communication (KDKA in Pittsburgh made the 1st commercial broadcast, in 1920)

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The beginning of commercial radio and the advent of mass communication (KDKA in Pittsburgh made the 1st commercial broadcast, in 1920)

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Overview of the huge social, economic and political changes of the era

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Overview of the huge social, economic and political changes of the era

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Skyscrapers and the growth of cities (what was the tallest building at the start and end of the decade?)

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Skyscrapers and the growth of cities (what was the tallest building at the start and end of the decade?)

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Tech of radio compared to tech of cell phones—based on waves

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Tech of radio compared to tech of cell phones—based on waves

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Different methods of spreading propaganda

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Different methods of spreading propaganda

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e.g., Without the internet, people had to rely on hearing the news from others, which came in the form of printed materials with catchy slogans as well as the radio. Film and movies were also used as a political tool on both sides of the war.

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Fueled by economic hardship, this period in the late 18th century saw the overthrowing of the French monarchy by the citizens.

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France’s support of America during their revolution is an interesting dynamic as it mirrors their own revolution against the monarchy. 

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France’s support of America during their revolution is an interesting dynamic as it mirrors their own revolution against the monarchy. 

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This period saw the rise of nationalist movements across the world, but particularly Asia, with the Chinese Nationalist movement growing, setting the stage for Chinese communism.

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Just read a funny article about how the turnip is in part responsible for the industrial revolution in Britain. Maybe part of a unit on unexpected contributors to the Industrial Revolution: -and-helped-industrialize-england

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Just read a funny article about how the turnip is in part responsible for the industrial revolution in Britain. Maybe part of a unit on unexpected contributors to the Industrial Revolution: -and-helped-industrialize-england

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/the-vegetable-that-terrorized-romans

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Explore National Geographic. A world leader in geography, cartography and exploration.

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We could do a unit on teens in the Industrial Revolution: teen workers, education and leisure for teens at this time, immigrant teens in the labor force, and activism around workers' rights. Radium girls (above) could be worked into that.

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We could do a unit on teens in the Industrial Revolution: teen workers, education and leisure for teens at this time, immigrant teens in the labor force, and activism around workers' rights. Radium girls (above) could be worked into that.

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Was the printing press the most important invention ever?

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Was the printing press the most important invention ever?

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What's interesting about suggestion above (about printing press) is that it may get students thinking about more recent tech innovations that have similarly changed the world. I was reading the other day that while the Internet has been almost as important about getting information to people as the printing press, AI will arguably be as revolutionary as the printing press. I think that a unit on invention and how they have changed the world will help students reflect on the inventions that are presently turning things upside down.

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What's interesting about suggestion above (about printing press) is that it may get students thinking about more recent tech innovations that have similarly changed the world. I was reading the other day that while the Internet has been almost as important about getting information to people as the printing press, AI will arguably be as revolutionary as the printing press. I think that a unit on invention and how they have changed the world will help students reflect on the inventions that are presently turning things upside down.

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Railroad development, transcontinental RR; the changes that came about b/c of RRs (e.g., the foods that became available)

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Railroad development, transcontinental RR; the changes that came about b/c of RRs (e.g., the foods that became available)

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The history of aviation (could feature lesser known aviators such as Bessie Coleman) + Hazel Ying Lee

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The history of aviation (could feature lesser known aviators such as Bessie Coleman) + Hazel Ying Lee

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Was the printing press the most important invention ever?

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Was the printing press the most important invention ever?

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Lesser known stories of the Industrial Revolution - like what were Native peoples doing at the time? How were they affected? 

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Lesser known stories of the Industrial Revolution - like what were Native peoples doing at the time? How were they affected? 

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Where did the resources come from for sources of power? (often from Indigenous lands)

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Where did the resources come from for sources of power? (often from Indigenous lands)

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Why was running water critical to the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

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Why was running water critical to the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

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NOTE: Pulled this from the Mural board. I think it was put in the wrong place. csa

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Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese-American physicist and scientist on the Manhattan Project

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Chien-Shiung Wu, Chinese-American physicist and scientist on the Manhattan Project

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Focus on a specific industry and how it changed due to tech. advancements

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Focus on a specific industry and how it changed due to tech. advancements

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How industries have become obsolete due to advancements (e.g., horse and buggy)

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How industries have become obsolete due to advancements (e.g., horse and buggy)

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Good ideas at the time that have had bad or unforeseen consequences

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Good ideas at the time that have had bad or unforeseen consequences

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Something on the ways different countries approach freedom of speech as compared to how it's approached in US

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Something on the ways different countries approach freedom of speech as compared to how it's approached in US

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Laws and technology, including laws around cyberbullying and online harassment, privacy, and intellectual property.

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Laws and technology, including laws around cyberbullying and online harassment, privacy, and intellectual property.

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Laws that have no application today but are still on the books because people have forgotten about them/haven't repealed them.

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Laws that have no application today but are still on the books because people have forgotten about them/haven't repealed them.

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Try to make learning history fun and interesting

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The Influence of the Nuremberg Trial on International Criminal Law

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The Influence of the Nuremberg Trial on International Criminal Law

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The Nuremberg trials established that all of humanity would be guarded by an international legal shield and that even a Head of State would be held criminally responsible and punished for aggression and Crimes Against Humanity.

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Laws that had the opposite or unintended effect than what they were created for.

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Laws that had the opposite or unintended effect than what they were created for.

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(though these laws are being tampered with in some states)

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e.g., voting age of 18 in the U.S. vs. different ages elsewhere.

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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and how it was hailed as an innovative model for building peace and justice and for holding accountable those guilty of human rights violations.

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The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa and how it was hailed as an innovative model for building peace and justice and for holding accountable those guilty of human rights violations.

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I see that Canada established a TRC in response to what happened to Natives in boarding schools. This TRC was presumably influenced by the South African model.

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This product from the Arab world powered much of the industrial

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Following World War II, this document was the first to enshrine fundamental human rights.

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Limiting the rights of the monarchy, this document outlined the rights of the people in England’s 13th century.

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A look at tribal governments today: how they work, and how they encourage civic participation

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A look at tribal governments today: how they work, and how they encourage civic participation

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The Iroquois Confederacy, often referred to as as one of the oldest participatory democracies. 

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The Iroquois Confederacy, often referred to as as one of the oldest participatory democracies. 

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considered the birthplace of democracy; what can we learn from the ancient Greeks?