# data[].attributes.headline
Southern Ocean: Income breeding versus capital breeding (usage or storage of energy). Nursing strategies of seals. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Southern Ocean: Income breeding versus capital breeding (usage or storage of energy). Nursing strategies of seals. 

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Feast or famine-evidence for mixed capital–income breeding

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North Pacific Ocean: Elephant seals molting season. 

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North Pacific Ocean: Elephant seals molting season. 

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Two young elephant seals at different stages of their molts. The seal on the left has only recently begun molting, whereas the seal on the right is near the end of its molt.

The elephant seal catastrophic molt (which simply means that their fur and top layer of skin comes off in large patches) is more dramatic than a few hairs in a hairbrush. As the photo illustrates, the seals definitely look ragged when they are in the midst of the molt. Normally, when seals are in the ocean, their bodies direct blood flow away from their extremities and towards the core of their bodies so they can keep their vital organs warm and functioning in the cold ocean temperature. But, because the act of molting requires seals' bodies to direct blood flow to the surface of their skin, the seals have to be on land during the molt. Otherwise, they (and their vital organs) would become too cold. So that's why seals must sequester on the beach, out of the cold ocean, for the entire molt process. And, as is usual for seals, whenever they are on land, they fast.

But molting is not as dramatic as what's been going on at Point Reyes Beaches over the last few months. Let's recap what these elephant seals, these truly charismatic megafauna (which just means big animals!), have been up to.

Recap of the Breeding and Mating Season

Since February, the month of elephant seal mating and impregnation, things have quieted down quite a bit. Now, at the beginning of March, most females, having completed giving birth and nursing pups, have left the beaches.

Of course, once the cows, which fasted during the weeks of giving birth and nursing, had weaned their pups, mated, and taken off for their feeding voyage, the males, with no one to fight over or mate with, have little more to do. The battles and posturing and vocalizing visitors marveled over in December, January, and February (see Episode One of Elephant Seal Tales) have petered out, and the only males left on the beach are yearlings, subadults or bulls who did not manage to mate.

Mostly, the bulls that lost out on becoming alpha males and mating, remained on the periphery of harems for as long as the cows were still there, and some managed to mate as cows were leaving for their feeding voyage. But others left the areas of the harems and wandered far afield. I saw the same solitary bull two weeks in a row far down the beach at Limantour, and he was still vocalizing though there were no males to impress or females to dominate (see Episode 3 of Elephant Seal Tales).

Here's a video of him at Limantour at the beginning of February:

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March: Catastrophic Molt: It's Not As Bad As It Sounds (U.S. National Park Service)

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The elephant seal catastrophic molt (which simply means that their fur and top layer of skin comes off in large patches) is more dramatic than a few hairs in a hairbrush. As the photo illustrates, the seals definitely look ragged when they are in the midst of the molt.

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Amazon River Basin: Amazonian Manatees are threatened by capitalism and fossil fuels. Frequent amazon fires and its impact on water levels and manatees. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Amazon River Basin: Amazonian Manatees are threatened by capitalism and fossil fuels. Frequent amazon fires and its impact on water levels and manatees. 

# data[].attributes.body
"Not a safe place to try to be at home. Her habitat, and that of every animal and plant of the great Amazon region is under constant threat" (Gumbs 67).

Gumbs Alexis Pauline and Adrienna Maree Brown. Undrowned: Black Feminist Lessons from Marin Mammals. AK Press 2020. search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=2375756. Accessed 9 December 2022.

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A Devastating Burning Season for the Brazilian Amazon

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There were more fires in the Brazilian Amazon during the first week of September this year than in all of September 2021. Last month, fires were the worst in a decade. It is amounting to a devastating burning season for the world’s largest rainforest.

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Europe (European culture): The financial value and historical importance of horns. Narwhals are the embodiment of their fictive species, Unicorns. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Europe (European culture): The financial value and historical importance of horns. Narwhals are the embodiment of their fictive species, Unicorns. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
On the Ironic Specimen of the Unicorn Horn in Enlightened Cabinets

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Cape Hatteras, NC: The anatomy of whales. Study on beak whales breath abilities. 

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Cape Hatteras, NC: The anatomy of whales. Study on beak whales breath abilities. 

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Extreme diving in mammals-first estimates of behavioural aerobic

# data[].attributes.location_name
Mud Bank Cottage, Winstone, Brixton, Plymouth, UK

# data[].attributes.headline
Mudbanks: Bottlenose dolphins hunting near low tide mud banks. Stranding method. 

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Mudbanks: Bottlenose dolphins hunting near low tide mud banks. Stranding method. 

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0:00 / 0:15•Watch full video

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Smart Dolphins Beach their Prey | The Hunt | BBC Earth

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Cape Hatteras, North Carolina: Abundance of Beaked Whales. 

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Cape Hatteras, North Carolina: Abundance of Beaked Whales. 

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Beaked whales are exceptionally rare because of their deep-sea habitat. Only their dead bodies are able to be found and researched.

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Marine Mammal Science - 2018 - McLellan - Distribution and abundance of beaked whales  Family Ziphiidae  Off Cape Hatteras 

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Indus River (Example 1: Platanista gangetica dolphin): Conservation measures for dolphin species. And tourism as a tool.

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Indus River (Example 1: Platanista gangetica dolphin): Conservation measures for dolphin species. And tourism as a tool.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Dolphin conservation can profit from tourism and Citizen science

# data[].attributes.location_name
South Georgia, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

# data[].attributes.headline
South Georgia: What a mother seal does for their offspring. A diet and travel distance research project. 

# data[].attributes.subject
South Georgia: What a mother seal does for their offspring. A diet and travel distance research project. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
An energy–distance trade-off in a central-place forager, the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella)

# data[].attributes.headline
Bangkok, Thailand (Pata Zoo): Wildlife in captivity. Non-living conditions and depression. 

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Bangkok, Thailand (Pata Zoo): Wildlife in captivity. Non-living conditions and depression. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Inside the Dark World of Captive Wildlife Tourism | National Geographic

# data[].attributes.location_name
Indian Subcontinent, Lodhipura, Madhya Pradesh

# data[].attributes.headline
Indian Subcontinent (Origin of Cetaceans): The evolution of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises). 

# data[].attributes.subject
Indian Subcontinent (Origin of Cetaceans): The evolution of cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises). 

# data[].attributes.body
Marine mammals, are broadly defined as mammals whose terrestrial predecessors entered the sea.

# data[].attributes.location_name
Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada

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Vancouver Island: Witness of an Orca whale murdering their own offspring.

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Vancouver Island: Witness of an Orca whale murdering their own offspring.

# data[].attributes.body
Sometimes mothers eat their own children because they think they are weak. They eat them to gain more nutrients for themselves.

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On December 2, 2016 marine biologists studying killer whales off the coast of Vancouver Island in Canada, witnessed a ghastly murder scene. First, they picked up strange sounds with their hydrophones-mikes that detect sounds underwater. Then they watched an entire killer whale drama unfold before their eyes, in which the whales actually killed one of their own: a newborn calf.

The scientists saw a small group of orcas that included a mother and a young calf, fleeing from a male orca and his mother. The calf was barely a few days old, researchers estimated. Eventually, the pursuing mother-and-son pair caught up with the fugitives-and an attack ensued. The scientists saw "erratic movements and splashing suggestive of a predation event." Moments later, they realized that the infant was no longer next to his mother, but when the male swam past the research boat, "the fluke of the neonate could be seen in his mouth with the body intact trailing underneath his lower jaw."

Nine dead dolphin calves washed up on the Virginia coast with multiple broken bones, ripped tissue, and bruised organs.

The young mother hopelessly tried to save her offspring. She struck and bit the male, "sending blood and water in the air," but to no avail. Moreover, the male's mother interfered, blocking the attack. The male then kept the baby underwater until it drowned. Whales and dolphins must come up to the surface to breathe so the murderous duo's actions seemed deliberate.

But why were they so determined to kill the baby? And is it a normal behavior for the marine mammal species?

Cetacean infanticide is very rare. In fact, the scientists have never witnessed orcas killing their young before. "This is the first account of infanticide reported in killer whales and the only case committed jointly by an adult male and his mother outside of humans," they wrote. But evidence of other infanticide cases among marine mammals have been reported before.

In the 1990s, not one but nine dead dolphin calves washed up on the Virginia coast with multiple broken bones, ripped tissue, and bruised organs on the inside-the types of injuries that adult dolphins are known to cause with their beaks. "It looked like someone had taken a baseball bat and just literally beaten these animals to death," said Dale G. Dunn of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, D.C, who examined the dead dolphin calves. On one occurrence, scientists observed an adult dolphin " gripping the calf in its jaws, pushing it around underwater," drowning it as the male orca had done to the baby whale. Moreover, in 1997 recorded dolphin infanticides hit a strange and unexplainable peak. Scientists found more than four times as many dead young dolphins as they did in 1994. They never found an explanation for this strange infanticide boom, but one strong hypothesis was "evolutionary pressures."

Some scientists hypothesize that marine mammals might be doing what mature lions do when they kill the young cubs so they can mate with their mothers. Once young mothers lose their babies, they stop lactating and become fertile fairy quickly. Plus, "infanticide not only creates a mating opportunity but can also remove the progeny of a competing male from the gene pool," researchers say.

But how do you explain the male orca's mother helping with the infanticide? Unlike many other mammals, orcas typically live in large family groups known as pods, which are run by older females. In this case, an older female may have also had some stakes in her pod's reproduction-high enough to help her adult son to kill an unwanted newborn.

Resources

JSTOR is a digital library for scholars, researchers, and students. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR.

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Do Dolphins and Orcas Really Kill Their Young? - JSTOR Daily

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On December 2, 2016 marine biologists studying killer whales off the coast of Vancouver Island in Canada, witnessed a ghastly murder scene. First, they picked up strange sounds with their hydrophones-mikes that detect sounds underwater. Then they watched an entire killer whale drama unfold before their eyes, in which the whales actually killed one of their own: a newborn calf.

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Provincetown coast: Whale swallows human on accident. 

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Provincetown coast: Whale swallows human on accident. 

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It's a modern day Jonah and the Whale story: A Massachusetts lobster diver was briefly swallowed up by a humpback whale on Friday, and lived to tell the tale.

Michael Packard, a Cape Cod commercial lobster diver was diving off the coast of Provincetown, when he suddenly felt pain as the world around him went dark. He realized he was in the closed mouth of a whale, and thought he was going to die.

The whale spat him out in less than a minute, but Packard has soft tissue damage to his legs and a dislocated knee from the whale encounter.

Experts say encounters similar to Packard's are rare, and likely a complete accident.

Peter Corkeron, who leads the whale research team at the New England Aquarium, believes that poor visibility in the water may have played a role in Packard's encounter with the whale.

"You know, the water off the Cape is pretty murky," said Corkeron. "And you know, when whales are doing these feeds, they're moving really fast. And this is just an accident and I imagine the whale had this 'Oh my goodness' moment and probably got rid of him as quickly as it could."

Similar incidents to Packard's have happened in the past. In 2019, wildlife photographer Rainer Schimpf was capturing images of a sardine run off the coast of Port Elizabeth in South Africa when a Bryde's whale scooped him up inside its mouth.

"In two seconds, the first thing I realized was someone grabbed me, pushed my hips together, and I could feel the pressure," Schimpf said. "And instantly knew it was a whale."

Schimpf recalled the incident happened very quickly and that the whale spat him out.

Experts noted that whales do not eat people, but consume small aquatic lifeforms like fish, squid and krill.

Unlike sharks, whales are known as "gentle giants of the sea." Sharks are natural predators and often seek out their prey, but humpback whales are known to move their fins and bodies to avoid humans if they are in their direct path.

"They can basically open their mouth through 90 degrees and kind of unlock their jaw and have it drop down," said Corkeron. "And then they have this giant pouch that fills with water. So from the air, they look like a giant guppy. And then they swallow water and fish, or plankton, then spit out the water, sieve out the prey and swallow that."

Why do these close encounters occur? Experts said that people sometimes get in the way when whales feed. For example, in 2015, two kayakers were paddling off the coast of Monterey Bay, Calif. -- a popular site for whale watching -- when suddenly a humpback whale breached, nearly killing the kayakers.

But whales do not eat people, whereas sharks often mistake humans for food. Some think that a surfer paddling in the water can look like a turtle to sharks.

Dr. Jooke Robbins, who directs humpback research at the Center for Coastal Studies in Provincetown, said that whales feed by lunging through the water, mouths wide open, to engulf schools of fish and then filter the water through their baleen.

"If something lies directly in the path of a lunge feeding humpback whale, the whale might not always be able to detect it or avoid it in time," he said in a statement Friday. "For example, some entanglements in fishing gear begin this way and can threaten the life of the whale."

Do these kinds of encounters happen in certain areas or times of the year? Corkeron said that, thankfully, they don't.

"In this instance, being what looks like accidentally swallowed by a ... whale, that just never happens," said Corkeron. "That's really, really incredibly unusual. I think its the first time I've ever heard of it."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How Often Do Whales Swallow People Up? Here's What the Science Says

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
It's a modern day Jonah and the Whale story: A Massachusetts lobster diver was briefly swallowed up by a humpback whale on Friday, and lived to tell the tale. Michael Packard, a Cape Cod commercial lobster diver was diving off the coast of Provincetown, when he suddenly felt pain as the world around him went dark.

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Central to eastern South Pacific: The songs of whales. 

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Central to eastern South Pacific: The songs of whales. 

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Humpback Whales Pass Their Songs Across Oceans

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Whales share songs from Australia to Ecuador, scientists have found, suggesting a remarkably fast cultural evolution.

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Eastern North Pacific: Research on predatory scarring on whales/cetaceans. 

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Eastern North Pacific: Research on predatory scarring on whales/cetaceans. 

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Canadian Coasts: White-sided dolphins swimming in a pod. 

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Canadian Coasts: White-sided dolphins swimming in a pod. 

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A Showy Dolphin Super-Pod | Destination WILD

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Mauritania, Africa: Biography on Titan, Atlas and his influence on culture. 

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Mauritania, Africa: Biography on Titan, Atlas and his influence on culture. 

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Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas

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The Farnese Atlas, the oldest known representation of the celestial spheres. / Photo by Lalupa, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Wikimedia Commons

A common misconception today is that Atlas was forced to hold the Earth on his shoulders, but he was actually holding the celestial spheres.

Curated/Reviewed by Matthew A. McIntosh
Public Historian
Brewminate

Introduction

In Greek mythology, Atlas is a Titan condemned to hold up the celestial heavens or sky for eternity after the Titanomachy. Atlas also plays a role in the myths of two of the greatest Greek heroes: Heracles (Hercules in Roman mythology) and Perseus. According to the ancient Greek poet Hesiod, Atlas stood at the ends of the earth in extreme west.[2] Later, he became commonly identified with the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa and was said to be the first King of Mauretania.[3] Atlas was said to have been skilled in philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy. In antiquity, he was credited with inventing the first celestial sphere. In some texts, he is even credited with the invention of astronomy itself.[4]

Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Asia[5] or Clymene.[6] He was a brother of Epimetheus and Prometheus.[7] He had many children, mostly daughters, the Hesperides, the Hyades, the Pleiades, and the nymph Calypso who lived on the island Ogygia.[8]

The term Atlas has been used to describe a collection of maps since the 16th century when Flemish geographer Gerardus Mercator published his work in honor of the mythological Titan.

The "Atlantic Ocean" is derived from "Sea of Atlas". Furthermore, the name of Atlantis mentioned in Plato's Timaeus' dialogue derives from "Atlantis nesos" (Ancient Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς νῆσος), literally meaning "Atlas's Island."[9]

Etymology

The etymology of the name Atlas is uncertain. Virgil took pleasure in translating etymologies of Greek names by combining them with adjectives that explained them: for Atlas his adjective is durus, "hard, enduring",[10] which suggested to George Doig[11] that Virgil was aware of the Greek τλῆναι "to endure"; Doig offers the further possibility that Virgil was aware of Strabo's remark that the native North African name for this mountain was Douris. Since the Atlas mountains rise in the region inhabited by Berbers, it has been suggested that the name might be taken from one of the Berber, specifically ádrār 'mountain'.[12]

Traditionally historical linguists etymologize the Ancient Greek word Ἄτλας as comprised from copulative α- and the Proto-Indo-European root *telh₂- 'to uphold, support' (whence also τλῆναι), and which was later reshaped to an nt-stem.[13] However, Robert S. P. Beekes argues that it cannot be expected that this ancient Titan carries an Indo-European name, and that the word is of Pre-Greek origin, and such words often end in -ant.[13]

The Mythology
Punishment
Atlas and his brother Menoetius sided with the Titans in their war against the Olympians, the Titanomachy. When the Titans were defeated, many of them (including Menoetius) were confined to Tartarus, but Zeus condemned Atlas to stand at the western edge of Gaia (the Earth) and hold up the sky on his shoulders.[2] Thus, he was Atlas Telamon, "enduring Atlas," and became a doublet of Coeus, the embodiment of the celestial axis around which the heavens revolve.[14]

A common misconception today is that Atlas was forced to hold the Earth on his shoulders, but Classical art shows Atlas holding the celestial spheres, not the terrestrial globe; the solidity of the marble globe borne by the renowned Farnese Atlas may have aided the conflation, reinforced in the 16th century by the developing usage of atlas to describe a corpus of terrestrial maps.
Encounter with Perseus
The Greek poet Polyidus c. 398 BC[15] tells a tale of Atlas, then a shepherd, encountering Perseus who turned him to stone. Ovid later gives a more detailed account of the incident, combining it with the myth of Heracles. In this account Atlas is not a shepherd but a King.[16] According to Ovid, Perseus arrives in Atlas' Kingdom and asks for shelter, declaring he is a son of Zeus. Atlas, fearful of a prophecy which warned of a son of Zeus stealing his golden apples from his orchard, refuses Perseus hospitality.[17] In this account, Atlas is turned not just into stone by Perseus, but an entire mountain range: Atlas' head the peak, his shoulders ridges and his hair woods. The prophecy did not relate to Perseus stealing the golden apples but Heracles, another son of Zeus, and Perseus' great-grandson.[18]
Encounter with Heracles

Atlas and Hercules / Image courtesy Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Wikimedia Commons

One of the Twelve Labours of the hero Heracles was to fetch some of the golden apples which grow in Hera's garden, tended by Atlas' reputed daughters, the Hesperides which were also called the Atlantides, and guarded by the dragon Ladon. Heracles went to Atlas and offered to hold up the heavens while Atlas got the apples from his daughters.[19][20]

Upon his return with the apples, however, Atlas attempted to trick Heracles into carrying the sky permanently by offering to deliver the apples himself, as anyone who purposely took the burden must carry it forever, or until someone else took it away. Heracles, suspecting Atlas did not intend to return, pretended to agree to Atlas' offer, asking only that Atlas take the sky again for a few minutes so Heracles could rearrange his cloak as padding on his shoulders. When Atlas set down the apples and took the heavens upon his shoulders again, Heracles took the apples and ran away.

In some versions,[21] Heracles instead built the two great Pillars of Hercules to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas much as he liberated Prometheus.

Other Variations of the Mythology
King of Atlantis
According to Plato, the first king of Atlantis was also named Atlas, but that Atlas was a son of Poseidon and the mortal woman Cleito.[22] The works of Eusebius[23] and Diodorus[4] also give an Atlantean account of Atlas. In these accounts, Atlas' father was Uranus and his mother was Gaia. His grandfather was Elium "King of Phoenicia" who lived in Byblos with his wife Beruth. Atlas was raised by his sister, Basilia.[24][25][26]
King of Mauretania

Atlas and the Hesperides by Singer Sargent, John (1925). / Image courtesy Museum of Fine Arts Boston, Wikimedia Commons

Atlas was also a legendary king of Mauretania, the land of the Mauri in antiquity roughly corresponding with modern Maghreb. In the 16th century Gerardus Mercator put together the first collection of maps to be called an "Atlas" and devoted his book to the "King of Mauretania".[25][27]

Atlas became associated with Northwest Africa over time. He had been connected with the Hesperides, "Nymphs" which guarded the golden apples, and Gorgons both of which lived beyond Ocean in the extreme west of the world since Hesiod's Theogony.[28] Diodorus and Palaephatus mention that the Gorgons lived in the Gorgades, islands in the Aethiopian Sea. The main island was called Cerna and modern day arguments have been advanced that these islands may correspond to Cape Verde due to Phoenician exploration.[29] The Northwest Africa region emerged as the canonical home of the King via separate sources. In particular, according to Ovid, after Perseus turns Atlas into a mountain range, he flies over Aethiopia, the blood of Medusa's head giving rise to Libyan snakes. By the time of the Roman Empire the habit of associating Atlas' home to a chain of mountains, the Atlas mountains, which were near Mauretania and Numidia, was firmly entrenched.[30]
Other
The identifying name Aril is inscribed on two 5th-century BC Etruscan bronze items: a mirror from Vulci and a ring from an unknown site.[31] Both objects depict the encounter with Atlas of Hercle-the Etruscan Heracles-identified by the inscription; they represent rare instances where a figure from Greek mythology was imported into Etruscan mythology, but the name was not. The Etruscan name Aril is etymologically independent.

According to Robert Graves' The Greek Myths, the Pelasgians believed the creator goddess Eurynome assigned Atlas and Phoebe to govern the moon.[32]

Cultural Influence

Greco-Buddhist (c. AD 100) Atlas, supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda, Afghanistan. / Photo via Wikimedia Commons

Atlas' best-known cultural association is in cartography. The first publisher to associate the Titan Atlas with a group of maps was the print-seller Antonio Lafreri, on the engraved title-page he applied to his ad hoc assemblages of maps, Tavole Moderne Di Geografia De La Maggior Parte Del Mondo Di Diversi Autori (1572);[33 however, he did not use the word "Atlas" in the title of his work, an innovation of Gerardus Mercator, who dedicated his "atlas" specifically to honour the Titan, Atlas, King of Mauretania, a learned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer.

In psychology, Atlas is used metaphorically to describe the personality of someone whose childhood was characterized by excessive responsibilities.[34]

Ayn Rand's political dystopian novel Atlas Shrugged (1957) references the popular misconception of Atlas holding up the entire world on his back by comparing the capitalist and intellectual class as being "modern Atlases" which hold the modern world up at great expense to themselves.

Appendix
Endnotes

1. Remler, Pat (2010). Egyptian Mythology, A to Z. Infobase Publishing. p. 24.

2. Hesiod, Theogony 517-520.

3. Smith. "Atlas". Retrieved February 26, 2013.

4. Referencing Diodorus:

"[Atlas] perfected the science of astrology and was the first to publish to mankind the doctrine of the sphere. and it was for this reason that the idea was held that the entire heavens were supported upon the shoulders of Atlas, the myth darkly hinting in this way at his discovery and description of the sphere." Bibliotheca historica, Book III 60.2

"Atlas was so grateful to Heracles for his kindly deed that he not only gladly gave him such assistance as his Labour called for, but he also instructed him quite freely in the knowledge of astrology. For Atlas had worked out the science of astrology to a degree surpassing others and had ingeniously discovered the spherical nature of the stars, and for that reason was generally believed to be bearing the entire firmament upon his shoulders. Similarly in the case of Heracles, when he had brought to the Greeks the doctrine of the sphere, he gained great fame, as if he had taken over the burden of the firmament which Atlas had borne, since men intimated in this enigmatic way what had actually taken place." Bibliotheca historica, Book IV 27.4-5

5. Apollodorus, 1.2.3.

6. Hesiod,Theogony 507. It is possible that the name Asia became preferred over Hesiod's Clymene to avoid confusion with what must be a different Oceanid named Clymene, who was mother of Phaethon by Helios in some accounts.

7. Roman, Luke; Roman, Monica (2010). Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman Mythology. Infobase Publishing. p. 92.

8. Homer, Odyssey, 1.14, 1.50. Calypso is sometimes referred to as Atlantis (Ατλαντίς), which means the daughter of Atlas, see the entry Ατλαντίς in Liddell & Scott, and also Hesiod, Theogony, 938.

9. https://www.dictionary.com/e/atlantis/

10. Aeneid iv.247: "Atlantis duri" and other instances; see Robert W. Cruttwell, "Virgil, Aeneid, iv. 247: 'Atlantis Duri'" The Classical Review 59.1 (May 1945), p. 11.

11. George Doig, "Vergil's Art and the Greek Language" The Classical Journal 64.1 (October 1968, pp. 1-6) p. 2.

12. Strabo, 17.3;

13. Beekes, Robert; van Beek, Lucien (2010). "Etymological Dictionary of Greek". 1. Brill: 163.

14. The usage in Virgil's maximum Atlas axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum (Aeneid, iv.481f , cf vi.796f), combining poetic and parascientific images, is discussed in P. R. Hardie, "Atlas and Axis" The Classical Quarterly N.S. 33.1 (1983:220-228).

15. Polyeidos, Fragment 837; Ovid, 'Metamorphoses 4.627

16. Ovid, Metamorphoses, IV.617ff (on-line English translation at Theoi Project).

17. William Godwin (1876). Lives of the Necromancers. London, F. J. Mason. p. 39.

18. Ogden (2008), pp. 49, 108, 114

19. Diodorus Siculus. Library, 4.27.2

20. Gantz (1993), pp. 410-413

21. A lost passage of Pindar quoted by Strabo (3.5.5) was the earliest reference in this context: "the pillars which Pindar calls the 'gates of Gades' when he asserts that they are the farthermost limits reached by Heracles"; the passage in Pindar has not been traced.

22. Plato, Critias

23. The "testimony of Eusebius" was "drawn from the most ancient historians" according to Mercator. Eusebius' Praeparatio evangelica gives accounts of Atlas that had been translated from the works of ancient Phoenician Sanchuniathon, the original sources for which predate the Trojan War (i.e. 13th century BCE).

24. For further comment on Mercator's chosen Titanic genealogy see Keuning (1947), Akerman (1994) and Ramachandran (2015), p. 42

25. Mercator & Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress) (2000)

26. See Bibliotheca historica, Book III, Eusebius' Praeparatio evangelica references the same mythology as Diodorus stating "These then are the principal heads of the theology held among the Atlanteans".

27. Grafton, Most & Settis (2010), p. 103

28. See Gantz (1993), p. 401 and Ogden (2008), p. 47-49

29. For instance the Phoenician Hanno the Navigator is said to have sailed as far as Mount Cameroon in the 5th or 6th century BC. See Lemprière (1833), pp. 249-250 and Ovid, The Metamorphoses, commented by Henry T. Riley

30. Lemprière (1833), pp. 249-250

31. Paolo Martini, Il nome etrusco di Atlante, (Rome:Università di Roma) 1987 investigates the etymology of aril, rejecting a link to the verbal morpheme ar- ("support") in favor of a Phoenician etymon in an unattested possible form *'arrab(a), signifying "guarantor in a commercial transaction" with the connotation of "mediator", related to the Latin borrowing arillator, "middleman". This section and note depend on Rex Wallace's review of Martini in Language 65.1 (March 1989:187-188).

32. Graves, Robert (1992). The Greek Myths. Penguin Books. p. 27.

33. Ashley Baynton-Williams. "The 'Lafreri school' of Italian mapmakers". Retrieved February 26, 2013.

34. Vogel, L. Z.; Savva, Stavroula (1993-12-01). "Atlas personality". British Journal of Medical Psychology. 66 (4): 323-330. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1993.tb01758.x. ISSN 2044-8341. PMID 8123600.

Bibliography

Akerman, J. R. (1994). "Atlas, la genèse d'un titre". In Watelet, M. (ed.). Gerardi Mercatoris, Atlas Europae. Antwerp: Bibliothèque des Amis du Fonds Mercator. pp. 15-29.

Diodorus Siculus (1933-67). Oldfather, C. H.; Sherman, C. L.; Welles, C. B.; Geer, R. M.; Walton, F. R. (eds.). Diodorus of Sicily : The Library of History. 12 Vols (2004 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Gantz, T. (1993). Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Grafton, A.; Most, G. W.; Settis, S., eds. (2010). The Classical Tradition (2013 ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Hornblower, S.; Spawforth, A.; Eidinow, E., eds. (2012). The Oxford Classical Dictionary (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Keuning, J. (1947). "The History of an Atlas: Mercator. Hondius". Imago Mundi. 4 (1): 37-62. doi:10.1080/03085694708591880. ISSN 0308-5694. JSTOR 1149747.

Lemprière, J. (1833). Anthon, C. (ed.). A Classical Dictionary. New York: G. & C. & H. Carvill [etc.] LCCN 31001224. OCLC 81170896.

Ogden, D. (2008). Perseus (1st ed.). London ; New York: Routledge.

Ogden, D. (2013). Drakon: Dragon Myth and Serpent Cult in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Ramachandran, A. (2015). The Worldmakers: Global Imagining in Early Modern Europe. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Mercator, G.; Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection (Library of Congress) (2000). Karrow, R. W. (ed.). Atlas sive Cosmographicæ Meditationes de Fabrica Mundi et Fabricati Figura: Duisburg, 1595 (PDF). Translated by Sullivan, D. Oakland, CA: Octavo.

Apollodorus, Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin.

Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

Hesiod; Works and Days, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

Smith, William; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). "Atlas"

Originally published by Wikipedia, 11.21.2001, under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported license.
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