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Albert Einstein Theory of relativity E=mc²

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Albert Einstein Theory of relativity E=mc²

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Izaac Newton formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation    

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Izaac Newton formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation    

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X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) who was a Professor at Wuerzburg University in Germany. Standard X-rays are performed for many reasons, including diagnosing tumors or bone injuries. X-rays are made by using external radiation to produce images of the body, its organs, and other internal structures for diagnostic purposes.

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The Earth's outer layer is made of giant, moving pieces called tectonic plates. These plates, like puzzle pieces, fit together and constantly shift, creating earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains. They float on a layer of hot, semi-solid rock called the mantle.

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Mendeleev was a Russian chemist and inventor who created a practical periodic table in the 19th century.  His work included:  •Arranging elements in order of increasing atomic mass  •Grouping elements into vertical columns called groups  •Identifying that elements in the same group are similar  •Using the Periodic Law to correct the properties of known elements  •Predicting the properties of undiscovered elements, such as germanium, gallium, and scandium.

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Dmitri Mendeleev is known as the founder of the periodic table:

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Dmitri Mendeleev is known as the founder of the periodic table:

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BREAKNEWSSSSS.. Rosalind Franklin was born on this day in 1920. Her contributions to the discovery of the structure of DNA were key; she took photos of DNA’s structure using X-ray crystallography, and it was these photos that informed the work of Watson and Crick’s model of DNA’s structure. Sadly her contributions were not fully recognised until after her death, and she did not share in the award of the Nobel Prize for the discovery of DNA’s structure as the prize is not awarded posthumously. 

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DNA - Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the structure of DNA. 

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DNA - Rosalind Franklin's contribution to the structure of DNA. 

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Glass has always been found in nature, but the first glass created by humans can be dated to about 4,000 years ago, when craftsmen working in Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, discovered the art of mixing sand, soda, and lime to make glass.

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Galileo was a natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific method. He also made revolutionary telescopic discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter.

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Charles Darwin, Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection, posits that species evolve over time through a process where individuals with traits better suited to their environment have a higher chance of survival and reproduction. These advantageous traits are passed on to the next generation, gradually leading to changes in the species. Over long periods, this process can lead to the emergence of new species.

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Plate Tectonics Explained                                          4type of Plates Tectonic (constructive, destructive, collision and conservative) one of the example form from Plate Tectanic is (Rift Valley). 

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Tectonic Plate. (Explanations) Amir Afiq

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Tectonic Plate. (Explanations) Amir Afiq

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Mendeleev saw that when you list elements in order of their weight, certain ones have similar properties that repeat in a regular way. For example, some elements are very reactive, like sodium and potassium, and this pattern repeats.  He put elements with similar properties into the same columns in a table. This made it easier to see how elements are alike and different.

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Daniel Bernoulli, an 18th-century Swiss physicist, founded Bernoulli's Principle, which states that an increase in a fluid's speed results in a decrease in pressure. This principle is key in explaining lift in airplane wings and is fundamental to fluid dynamics

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The founder of Bernoulli's Principle was Daniel Bernoulli. 

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The founder of Bernoulli's Principle was Daniel Bernoulli. 

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Erwin Schrödinger (born August 12, 1887, Vienna, Austria—died January 4, 1961, Vienna) was an Austrian theoretical physicist who contributed to the wave theory of matter and to other fundamentals of quantum mechanics. He shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics with British physicist P.A.M. Dirac.

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He states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy. Bernoulli's principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli, a swiss mathematician and physicist, who published it in 1738 in his book, Hydrodynamic. He also made significant contributions to probability theory, statistics, and medicine. His influence continues, especially in areas involving fluid mechanics, where Bernoulli’s Principle is fundamental for understanding behaviors in aviation, weather patterns, and even blood flow in the human body.

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He was one of the earliest Renaissance developers of the thermoscope and the inventor of various military compasses. With an improved telescope he built, he observed the stars of the Milky Way, the phases of Venus, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, lunar craters and sunspots. He also built an early microscope.

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In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) initially introduced by Patrick Steptoe and Robert Edwards in the 1970s to treat female infertility caused by damaged or blocked fallopian tubes.  In 1978, Dr. Steptoe worked with a woman who had blocked fallopian tubes. After using a laparoscope to collect her egg, the sperm of the husband was added to the extracted egg in a petri dish. The fertilized egg was then placed inside her womb, and Louise Brown was born  on July 25, 1978. Louise is still alive and well today, and living proof of the innovations made over a few decades.

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Bernoulli’s principle formulated by Daniel Bernoulli states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases (liquid or gas), the pressure within the fluid decreases. Although Bernoulli deduced the law, it was Leonhard Euler who derived Bernoulli’s equation in its usual form in the year 1752.

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Reproductive technology has advanced tremendously over the past few decades. It started in 1978 with the birth of Louise Brown by in vitro fertilization (IVF) to a previously infertile couple.

IVF refers to the fusion of an egg and a sperm outside the woman’s body i.e. in the laboratory. The fertilized ovum or egg is then allowed to grow for some time in a special culture medium, before being implanted in the womb of the woman who is to undergo the pregnancy. Achieving conception is dependent upon artificial assistance, and is therefore part of the group of technologies called assisted reproductive technology (ART).

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IVF process infographic - ectorPot _thumb

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Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei (/ˌɡælɪˈleɪoʊ ˌɡælɪˈleɪ/, US also /ˌɡælɪˈliːoʊ -/; Italian: [ɡaliˈlɛːo ɡaliˈlɛːi]) or mononymously as Galileo, was an Italian (Florentine)[a] astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. He was born in the city of Pisa, then part of the Duchy of Florence and present-day Italy.[4] Galileo has been called the father of observational astronomy,[5] modern-era classical physics,[6] the scientific method,[7] and modern science.[8] Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of the pendulum and "hydrostatic balances". He was one of the earliest Renaissance developers of the thermoscope[9] and the inventor of various military compasses. With an improved telescope he built, he observed the stars of the Milky Way, the phases of Venus, the four largest satellites of Jupiter, Saturn's rings, lunar craters and sunspots. He also built an early microscope.Galileo's championing of Copernican heliocentrism was met with opposition from within the Catholic Church and from some astronomers. The matter was investigated by the Roman Inquisition in 1615, which concluded that his opinions contradicted accepted Biblical interpretations.[10][11][12]

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The theory of evolution is a shortened form of the term “theory of evolution by natural selection,” which was proposed by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the nineteenth century.  Ideas aimed at explaining how organisms change, or evolve, over time date back to Anaximander of Miletus, a Greek philosopher who lived in the 500s B.C.E. Noting that human babies are born helpless, Anaximander speculated that humans must have descended from some other type of creature whose young could survive without any help. He concluded that those ancestors must be fish, since fish hatch from eggs and immediately begin living with no help from their parents. From this reasoning, he proposed that all life began in the sea.

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Young Charles Darwin - Theory of Evolution

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Young Charles Darwin - Theory of Evolution

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Glass has always been found in nature, but the first glass created by humans can be dated to about 4,000 years ago, when craftsmen working in Mesopotamia, the land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, discovered the art of mixing sand, soda, and lime to make glass.

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The concept of plate tectonics was formulated in the 1960s by Alfred Wegener. According to the theory, Earth has a rigid outer layer, known as the lithosphere, which is typically about 100 km (60 miles) thick and overlies a plastic (moldable, partially molten) layer called the asthenosphere. The lithosphere is broken up into seven very large continental- and ocean-sized plates, six or seven medium-sized regional plates, and several small ones. These plates move relative to each other, typically at rates of 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) per year, and interact along their boundaries, where they converge, diverge, or slip past one another. Such interactions are thought to be responsible for most of Earth’s seismic and volcanic activity, although earthquakes and volcanoes can occur in plate interiors. Plate motions cause mountains to rise where plates push together, or converge, and continents to fracture and oceans to form where plates pull apart, or diverge. The continents are embedded in the plates and drift passively with them, which over millions of years results in significant changes in Earth’s geography.

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Dr Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction work at King’s. Her creation of the famous Photo 51 demonstrated the double-helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid: the molecule containing the genetic instructions for the development of all living organisms.

Dr Franklin joined the laboratory of John Randall at King’s in 1950 with a PhD from Cambridge and X-ray diffraction experience in Paris. At King’s, by controlling the water content of the DNA specimens, she showed that the molecule could exist in two forms (A and B). In May 1952 she and PhD student Ray Gosling captured the image of the B form that Jim Watson of Cambridge saw early in 1953, giving him and Francis Crick vital information for the building of their DNA model in March.

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Dr Franklin joined the laboratory of John Randall at King’s in 1950 with a PhD from Cambridge and X-ray diffraction experience in Paris. At King’s, by controlling the water content of the DNA specimens, she showed that the molecule could exist in two forms (A and B). In May 1952 she and PhD student Ray Gosling captured the image of the B form that Jim Watson of Cambridge saw early in 1953, giving him and Francis Crick vital information for the building of their DNA model in March.

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Galileo was a natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician who made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific method. He also made revolutionary telescopic discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter.  Galileo invented an early type of thermometer. Although he did not invent the telescope, he made significant improvements to it that enabled astronomical observation.                                                       In 1610 Galileo discovered the four biggest moons of Jupiter (now called the Galilean moons) and the rings of Saturn.

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Charles Darwin was a British naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.Darwin defined evolution as "descent with modification," the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor. The mechanism that Darwin proposed for evolution is natural selection. Because resources are limited in nature, organisms with heritable traits that favor survival and reproduction will tend to leave more offspring than their peers, causing the traits to increase in frequency over generations.

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The use of X-rays : X-ray technology is a powerful imaging tool commonly used by doctors and scientists to detect issues within the human body, such as diseases or tumors. By using advanced technology, X-rays create clear and detailed images of internal structures, enabling healthcare professionals to diagnose health conditions accurately and efficiently.

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The use of X-rays : X-ray technology is a powerful imaging tool commonly used by doctors and scientists to detect issues within the human body, such as diseases or tumors. By using advanced technology, X-rays create clear and detailed images of internal structures, enabling healthcare professionals to diagnose health conditions accurately and efficiently.

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Rosalind Franklin was an English chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work made a significant contribution to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite. Born in 1920, she is best known for her role in the discovery of the DNA double helix structure.Franklin's most important contribution came in the early 1950s when she used X-ray diffraction to capture "Photograph 51," an image that revealed key structural information about DNA. Her work provided critical insights that allowed James Watson and Francis Crick to develop their famous double helix model of DNA in 1953. Unfortunately, Franklin's contributions were not fully recognized during her lifetime, as she passed away from ovarian cancer in 1958, just a few years before Watson, Crick, and Maurice Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their work on the structure of DNA.In addition to her work on DNA, Franklin made important contributions to the study of viruses, particularly the tobacco mosaic virus, and worked on the structure of coal and graphite. Despite facing challenges as a woman in a male-dominated field, Franklin's groundbreaking research has left a lasting legacy in the field of molecular biology.