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1. Internet and Communication Technologies

The internet has revolutionized nearly every aspect of life, enabling instant communication, vast information access, and online services. Social media, video conferencing, and instant messaging have transformed how people stay connected.

2. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)

AI powers everything from search engines and recommendation systems to autonomous vehicles and medical diagnostics. Machine learning algorithms help systems improve over time, making AI adaptable in various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and entertainment.

3. Smartphones and Mobile Devices

Smartphones have become essential tools, offering internet access, communication, navigation, and countless apps that help manage personal and professional lives. They have democratized information access and brought the world to our fingertips.

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Types of Computers

Desktop Computers: Powerful systems intended for stationary use, often upgradable with various components.

Laptops: Portable devices with integrated displays, keyboards, and batteries, suitable for mobile work.

Tablets and Smartphones: Smaller devices with touchscreens, used primarily for mobile applications and media consumption.

Servers: Powerful computers that manage network resources and provide services to other computers or devices.

Software and Operating Systems

Operating System (OS): The OS manages hardware resources and provides a user interface. Common OSs include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

Applications: Programs that help users perform specific tasks, such as word processing, gaming, graphic design, or

data analysis.

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Basic Principle: Telephones convert sound waves (like a person’s voice) into electrical signals that travel over networks. These signals are then converted back into sound at the receiver’s end.

Microphone and Speaker: A microphone in the handset captures the sound waves, converting them into electrical signals. At the receiving end, a speaker converts the electrical signals back into sound waves.

Telephone Network: Traditional telephones use a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), which relies on a series of exchanges and switches to connect calls from one phone to another.

2. History and Evolution

Early Telephone: Invented in the 1870s by Alexander Graham Bell and others, early telephones required manual switchboards to connect calls.

Rotary Dial Phones: Introduced in the early 20th century, these phones used rotary dials for number input, enabling automatic switching in phone exchanges.

Push-Button Phones: By the 1960s, touch-tone phones with numerical keypads replaced rotary dials, allowing faster dialing.

Mobile Phones: The 1970s and 1980s saw the invention of mobile phones, which used cellular networks to enable wireless communication.