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I want to say something that's informative and impactful.

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The ethnic and linguistic groupings that make up the Afghan population are intricately woven together (Dupree & Mohammad Ali, 2024). Both Persian and Pashto are Indo-European Languages that are recognised as official languages in the nation. The majority of the people speak some variety of Persian, although more than two-fifths speak Pashto, the language of their Pashtuns. Although the Afghan dialect of Persian is commonly referred to as "Dari", there exist several dialects among the Tajik, Ḥazāra, Chahar Aimak, and Kizilbash peoples. These dialects includes those that are more similar to the Farsi or Tajikistani Persian spoken in Iran. (https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/The-arts-and-cultural-institutions#ref306631).

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In Afghanistan, rice is considered the best part of any meal for instance their national dish kabuli Pilao is made of tenderly cooked beef combined with seasoned rice infused with lentils, raisins, carrots, powered cardamom and almonds(The Roo Sisters, 2021) which provides balanced mix of protein. In addition, Afghans also drink strong black and green tea, flavoured with cardamom or with sugar, and milk offering health benefits like blood sugar regulation and antioxidant properties which is a symbol of hospitality that is deeply ingrained in tradition.

(https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/about-afghan-food/4wyesgpcw)

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For me, recognising the family context in healthcare decisions is crucial, learning this ensures that healthcare delivery is both respectful and relevant for migrant and refugee backgrounds.

I have developed my understanding of how family involvement influences healthcare decisions.

Having learned to involve families in discussions in practice I have realised this approach helps in obtaining consent and respecting cultural contexts.(Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership, 2019)

This knowledge is essential to building trust with patients and aligning care with their cultural beliefs.

Because I did not understand the significance of family roles in healthcare decisions at first, I will now need to deepen my knowledge about how to effectively involve family members in the decision-making process.

previously, I thought involving family in healthcare was straightforward, but it requires careful consideration of family roles.

Alternatively, the importance of family involvement in healthcare decisions could be emphasised due to its essential role in providing culturally responsive care.

(Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf)

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The most popular event is the Buzkashī tournament is a rough and tumble horse sport that represents the martial and nomadic customs of the Afghan people. Riders vie to capture and hold onto the carcass of a goat or calf. There are primary two types of games; tūdabarāy(traditional) and qarajāy (modern and government-sponsored) (Azoy, 2024). In both, participants on horses battle for the carcass that weighs anything from 40-100 pounds. Although there aren't many official restrictions for any type, it's customary not to use weapons, seize an opponent's horse by the reins, or bite or pull their hair.

(Azoy, G. Whitney (2024, March 20). buzkashī. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/sports/buzkashi)

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Afghans' health beliefs and Traditional practice

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Afghans' health beliefs and Traditional practice

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Religion is significant to the majority of Afghans, and Islamic verses must be included in health education, thus religious teachings and cultural beliefs can influence how people understand health. (Harsch et al., 2020).For instance, the black seed or Nigella sativa, which prophet Muhammad is reported to have said can cure any illness except death. Furthermore, Unani medicine is commonly practised and combines herbal remedies with dietary guidelines and physical therapies which align with Islamic beliefs. Moreover, some symptoms might be understood as signs of spiritual imbalance (jinn) where people consult religious healers like Mullahs or Hakims this highlights the complex relationship between cultural beliefs and religion with health.

(Harsch, S., Jawid, A., Jawid, M. E., Saboga Nunes, L., Sahrai, D., & Bittlingmayer, U. H. (2020). The relationship of health literacy, wellbeing and religious beliefs in neglected and unequal contexts—Results of a survey study in central Afghanistan. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 32(S1), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpja.419)

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The Impact of social inclusion and Non-discrimination (WHO social determinants) on Afghan Refugees in Australian

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The Impact of social inclusion and Non-discrimination (WHO social determinants) on Afghan Refugees in Australian

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when compared to the general population, refugees frequently have greater rates of poor overall health, particularly mental health (eg. PTSD) (Slewa-Younan et al., 2017). However, they are less inclined to turn to professionals for assistance (Tomasi et al., 2022). However refugees in Australia, accessible primary care offers an incremental, patient-directed approach to long-term treatment and rehabilitation for Afghan refugees in Australia (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, n.d.). In addition, social inclusion and non-discrimination are crucial WHO social determinants of Health for Afghan refugees in Australia, these variables facilitate practical settlement issues, improve access to healthcare services, and assist in managing the psychological and physical aftereffects of trauma. Furthermore, inclusive procedures guarantee that refugees get aid and medical attention without bias enhancing general well-being(Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, n.d.).. A supportive and nondiscriminatory approach facilitates the acknowledgment of prior trauma and cultural differences, which is necessary for effective healthcare.

(Australian Refugee Health Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/)

Slewa-Younan, S., Yaser, A., Guajardo, M. G. U., et al. (2017). The mental health and help-seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 11(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-017-0157-z

(Tomasi, A.-M., Slewa-Younan, S., Narchal, R., & Rioseco, P. (2022, July). Understanding the mental health and help-seeking behaviours of refugees. Aifs.gov.au. https://aifs.gov.au/resources/short-articles/understanding-mental-health-and-help-seeking-behaviours-refugees)

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Major Health Issues faced by Afghans Refugees in Australia.

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Major Health Issues faced by Afghans Refugees in Australia.

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According to prior research, 44% of Afghan refugees in Australia suffered from Post-traumatic stress disorder(Slewa-Younan et al., 2017b) as a result of their exposure to war and persecution (Tomasi et al., 2022). Anxiety, despair, insomnia and flashbacks are among the symptoms of PTSD that can impede their well-being. Also, studies show that refugees have poor physical and mental health and are susceptible to retraumatization, to address these issues each state and territory has a specialised torture and trauma counselling service which are non-denominational, politically neutral and non-aligned services provided without charges and in confidence and assessing potential impacts on psychological wellbeing is important. (Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide, n.d.)

(Australian Refugee Health Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/)

Slewa-Younan, S., Yaser, A., Guajardo, M. G. U., et al. (2017). The mental health and help-seeking behaviour of resettled Afghan refugees in Australia. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 11(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-017-0157-z

Tomasi, A.-M., Slewa-Younan, S., Narchal, R., & Rioseco, P. (2022). Professional Mental Health Help-Seeking Amongst Afghan and Iraqi Refugees in Australia: Understanding Predictors Five Years Post Resettlement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031896