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~ Sensory Memory: Brief retention of sensory information (e.g., visual, auditory) for a few seconds. The types of sensory memory are: Iconic (visual), echoic (auditory), and Haptic (tactile). The importance of sensory memory is to act as a buffer for stimuli received through the 5 senses.

~ Short-Term Memory: Temporary storage of information for about 20-30 seconds, limited capacity. The function of the short-term memory is that it holds and processes information that is currently being used.

~ Long- Term Memory: Storage of information over extended periods; theoretically unlimited capacity. It retains implicit skills and habits as well as explicit information such as facts and events. The importance is that it stores knowledge and experiences that can be retrieved later.

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Importance in Educational Learning Environments

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Importance in Educational Learning Environments

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~ Sensory Memory: Initial stage in information processing; crucial for attention and perception. Helps to capture students' attention initially, essential for processing sensory inputs before they reach short-term memory.

~ Short-Term Memory: Important for active learning tasks and holding information temporarily for manipulation.

~ Long-Term Memory: Essential for knowledge retention and skill acquisition over time, facilitating continuous learning and application.

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~ Encoding: Process of converting sensory input into a form that can be stored into memory.

~ Storage: Maintaining encoded information over time. involves consolidation processes, mainly occurring during sleep.

~ Retrieval: Accessing stored information when needed. Cues can be contextual or environmental prompts that help in recalling information.

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~ Retention: Ability to maintain and keep information in memory over time. This is important because it ensures that the learned information is preserved and can be used in the future.

~ Transfer: Applying learned knowledge or skills to new situations. This is important for problem-solving, adapting to new contexts, and lifelong learning.

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~ Retention: Reinforced through repetition, meaningful connections, and active engagement.

~ Facilitated by teaching strategies that emphasize application, analogy, and varied practice.

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~ Disruption in Normal Brain Functions: Trauma can disrupt normal brain functions, affecting both the formation and retrieval of memories. Impaired encoding and retrieval processes. There is also an increased difficulty in concentrating and learning new information.

~ PTSD can result in intrusive memories, flashbacks, heightened stress responses, and difficulty concentrating.

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~ Amygdala: Heightened response can affect the emotional tagging of memories. The function is to process emotions and is involved in forming emotional memories. The trauma impact can trigger heightened response which can lead t ostronger emotional reactions and memory consolidation of traumatic events.

~ Hippocampus: Trauma can impair its functions, leading to difficulties in forming new memories and access existing ones. The function is to form new declarative memories.

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~ Strategy: Encourage students to relate new information to existing knowledge. Use storytelling and real-life experiences to enhance engagement and retention to make the content more relatable.

~ Application: History lessons: Connecting historical events to present-day scenarios. Sciences Lessons: relating scientific concepts to everyday phenomena.

~ Benefits: Enhances understanding and retention by creating a deeper connections with the material. It also makes learning more engaging and relevant.

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~ Strategy: Incorporate visual aids (charts, diagrams), hands-on activities, and multi-sensory learning approaches.

~ Application: Art classes can use different types of materials and textures. language learning can incorporate songs, videos, and interactive apps.

~ Benefits: Engages multiple senses, strengthening memory pathways and aiding retention. it makes abstract concepts more concrete and understandable.

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~ Strategy: Create a safe and supportive learning environment, use repetition and consistency to reinforce learning and offer emotional support and counseling resources.

~ Application: Classroom setup can use Safe spaces and calm-down corners, the teaching methods should be consistent, clear expectations and routines.

~ Benefits: Helps students to feel secure, reducing stress and anxiety and supports all students, particularly those who have experienced trauma, in better retaining and transferring information.

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Matlin, M.W. (2013). Cognition (8th edition). John Wiley & Sons.

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National Research COuncil. (2000) How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School (Expanded ed.). National Academy Press.

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Perry, B.D. (2006) The Impact of Trauma on the Brain and Learning. In J.P. Shonkoff & D.A. Phillips (Eds.), From Neurons to neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (pp.311-334.) National Academy Press.

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~ Hippocampus: Critical for forming new memories and linking them to emotions and sensory experiences.

~ Prefrontal Cortex: Involved in working memory, decision making, and the organization of information.