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1. Find out about the ‘serfs’ in Russia. What kind of conditions did they experience under the rule of the Tsars that led to the Russian Revolution? (brief answer: 2 marks)

Serfs were often harshly treated and had little legal redress against the actions of their lords.

2. What book is Karl Marx famous for? What political ideology is proposed in it? (2 marks)

Das Kommunistische Manifest (The Communist Manifesto)

3. Complete the following phrase (written on his tombstone in Hampstead Cemetery up in North London!): ‘Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your --? What? (1 mark)

"Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!"

4. What party did Lenin lead? (1 mark)

The Bolsheviks

5. What was the date of the Russian Revolution? (1 mark)

8 March 1917 – 16 June 1923

6. Who or what are the ‘proletariat’? (1 mark)

The proletariat is the social class of wage-earners, those members of a society whose only possession of significant economic value is their labour power

7. Who or what are the ‘bourgeoisie’? (1 mark)

it is a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy.

8. Look up the word ‘intelligentsia’. Are they the same? (1 mark)

it is intellectuals who form an artistic, social, or political vanguard or elite.

9. Who was Trotsky? What happened to him? (2 marks)

He founded the Fourth International in 1938 as an alternative to the Comintern. In 1936, Trotsky was sentenced to death in absentia at the first of the Moscow show trials, and in 1940, he was assassinated at his home in Mexico City by NKVD agent Ramón Mercader.

10. What was Molotov’s role in Stalin’s regime? (1 mark)

Under Stalin's patronage, Molotov became a full member of the Politburo in January 1926.

11. What does the word ‘Pravda’ mean (the title of the Soviet newspaper)? (1 mark)

Truth

12. What does ‘Stalin’ mean in English? (1 mark)

Man of Steel

13. What was a ‘Stakhanovite’ and why were they lauded by the Stalinist regime? (2 marks)

a hard-working and productive worker in the former Soviet Union

Because it included the creation of a one-party totalitarian police state and rapid industrialization.

14. Find out about the rule of Stalin. How long was he in power for? How many died in the ‘gulag’ (or Soviet labour camp) whilst he was in power (roughly)? ( 2 marks)

He held power as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922–1952) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (1941–1953).

at least six million people

15. What is the definition of ‘totalitarianism’? (1 mark)

a system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

16. What were the ‘Cheka’, and what was their function? (2 marks)

One of its most important functions was the security of revolutionary order, and the fight against counterrevolutionary activity

17. What were the ‘Great Purges’ of Stalin’s rule? (1 mark)

it was Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin's campaign to consolidate his power over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the state by eliminating his rivals through the use of imprisonment and execution.

18. What happened to any enemy of Stalin

who had been photographed with him? (1 mark)

many of Stalin's enemies simply vanished from their homes. Others were executed in public after show trials.

19. What was the Soviet ‘five year plan’? (1 mark) (25 marks)

The first five year plan was created in order to initiate rapid and large-scale industrialization across the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

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Clean Tails League for the cows

Comrades! We can not tolerate any of you getting infected by your contaminated tails. No! We are not going to let you suffer anymore! The initiation of the Clean Tails League is for your welfare! You are now the most impactful animal in the farm, there is no animal that doesn't rely on you. The deterioration of your health has directly affected the quality of milk. Your milk has nourished every single life in this farm, so and the intelligent brain-workers of the farms, the pigs. Without any of your milk, the pigs will not be smart enough to lead the animals to a victory. Without any of your milk, the revolution(which has been led by the pigs) will not happen! Jones may still be dictating the farm! Just as the pigs have said, milk has a significant role on animal’s health. Your milk impacts the production of the whole farm, our leader can’t live without your milk! Don’t you want to maintain the peaceful life that we are having? Don’t you concern yourself with your own wellbeing?  The farm's future depends on you! If you don’t want Jones to come back, then attend this League!

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In "Animal Farm," class conflict serves as a central theme, it demonstrates the power struggling between the pigs and the working class (the other animals). The pigs use their position of authority to oppress and control the other animals, revealing an example of oppressing other class systems. The pigs' exploitation of their comrades has indicated its greed. Moreover, Orwell explained the consequences of unrestricted authority as the pigs' appetite for control increases, which leads to the erosion of its constitution. Through this conflict, Orwell criticised the corruption of the upper class and the dangers of dictatorship by emphasising the conflicts that occur in societies and classes.

Social Divide: The Russian Revolution stopped from social inequalities between the ruling class and the oppressed workers.

Peasant Uprisings: Widespread discontent among workers led to uprisings against oppression.

Urban industrial workers faced harsh conditions and political change, with socialist and communist ideals.

Led by Lenin, the Bolsheviks seized power in 1917, aimed to establish a classless society.

The revolution triggered a civil war, with the Bolsheviks emerging victorious, consolidating their control and implementing policies.

All that year the animals worked like slaves. (c6)

Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. (c2)

No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. (c8)

Napoleon was now a mature boar of twenty-four stone. Squealer was so fat that he could with difficulty see out of his eyes.(c10)

Squealer made excellent speeches on the joy of ervice and the dignity of labour, but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder!"(c7)