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blue = lecture

green = textbook

purple = in class

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metabolism of small molecule and peptide transmitters

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metabolism of small molecule and peptide transmitters

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small MW TM

modified amines

acetylcholine (Ach)

amino acids

glutamate, GABA, glycine, aspartate

Biogenic amines (monoamines

histamine

catecholamine: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

indolamine: serotonin (5HT)

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neuropeptides

hypothalamic

oxytocin, vasopressin, somatostatin, neurohormones

opiate

b-endorphines, enkephalins, dynorphins

gut-brain

neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin, VIP

growth factors

NGF, BDNF

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carbon monoxide

nitric oxide

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function: memory storage & recall, slows heart rate, motor control

receptors: ionotropic: nicotinic, metabotropic: muscotropic

location:

vesicle transporter:

signal termination:

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function: main excitatory transmitter in the brain

receptors: ionotropic: AMPA, kanate, NMDRs metabotropic: mGluR

location: throughout the brain

vesicle transporter: VGluT

signal termination: sodium dependent cotransporter

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function: inhibitory

receptors: ionotropic GABAa and GABAc, metabotropic GABAb

location: GABA in CNS, glycine in PNS

vesicle transporter:

signal termination: cleared with small co transporters

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function: motivation, motor control

receptors: metabotropic

location: substatial nigra, basal ganglia, vental tegmental nucleus accumben

vesicle transporter: VMAT

signal termination: monoamine oxidase (MAO), or a cotransporter

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function: wakefulness, attention, feeding

receptors: metabotropic

location: locus coeruleus

vesicle transporter: VMAT

signal termination: sodium cotransporters

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function: arousal & attention, reactivity of vestibular system, allergies

receptors:

location: hypothalamus

vesicle transporter: VMAT vesicular monoamine transporter

signal termination: enzymes: histamine methel transferase, monoamine oxidase

allergies, antihistamines --> cross the blood brain barrier also make us drowsy bc vesitbular system

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function: sleep, wakefulness, emotions, circadian rhythms, mental alertness, excitatory response

receptors: metabotropic

location: raphe nuclei in the pons

vesicle transporter: VMAT

signal termination: MAO or a cotransporter

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function: emotion and perception of pain

work on metabotrobic receptors

receptor: depends on location

synthesis: in ER and golgi

immature secratory granule: at level of ER, you have pre-pro-NGF

then at level of golgi, you have to cleave the pre off, so now you have pro-NGF

mature secratory granule: then you cleave off the pro form, so now you have fully functional NGF

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small peptides = classical NTs --> in synaptic terminal

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small peptides = classical NTs --> in synaptic terminal

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low MW synthesize in synaptic terminals and packaged in small clear vesicles

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made through transcription in the cell body and transported to the synaptic terminal in large dense-core vesicles

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gasses are for neural communication

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ONLY HORMONES AND NTs ARE PACKAGED INTO VESICLES

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ONLY HORMONES AND NTs ARE PACKAGED INTO VESICLES

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major contributor to onset nad termination of NT action

diffuses from site of release to NT binding location

>>post synaptic cleft in CNS

outside of CNS, no synaptic cleft, there are just receptor some distance from where they were released

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vesicular transporters used by low MW NTs

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vesicular transporters used by low MW NTs

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produced by all preganglionic autonomic motor neurons

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promotes wakefulness, receptor antagonists cause drowsiness

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modulate every fxn in the CNs, including thermoregulation, muscle tones, poster, sleep-wake cycling, motivation, and affect

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1. produced / generated in the cell (in the neuron)

2. must be released during action potential

3. must activate a NT receptor (must bind and create response)

4. need to have some kind of termination

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diffuse through extracellular space

regulate calcium binding by binding to calcium sensor on the vesicle (part of the SNARE complex)

no a NT bc it's not produced in the cell

a secondary molecule

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ALL OF THESE ARE IN CLEAR CORE/ ENDOSOMAL GRANUALES

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ALL OF THESE ARE IN CLEAR CORE/ ENDOSOMAL GRANUALES

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except for dopamine, norepinephrine that are dense core