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China accounts for 97% of global output of these substances. The water contains radioactive elements and carcinogens, affecting public health. Crop failure and toxic soil impacting agricultural sector in the region. Regional population from 2000 to 300. All families remaining suffer from health problems, angst towards government in the region.

- Joseph T

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"The town of Baotou, in Inner Mongolia, is
the largest Chinese source of these strategic
elements, essential to advanced technology,
from smartphones to GPS receivers, but also
to wind farms and, above all, electric cars."

"The minerals themselves caused pollution, but also the dozens of new factories that had sprung up around the processing facilities and a fossil-fuel power station feeding Baotou's new industrial fabric."

"In just 10 years the population has dropped from 2,000 to 300 people."

"The farmers who have stayed on tend to gather near the mahjong hall. "I have aching legs, like many of the villagers. There's a lot of diabetes, osteoporosis and chest problems."

- Lucas

# data[].attributes.body
The minerals are essential for tech industry, growing market with limitless potential for investment, R&D, and massive consumer market. China accounts for 97% of global output of these substances. The water contains radioactive elements and carcinogens, affecting public health. Crop failure and toxic soil impacting agricultural sector in the region. Regional population from 2000 to 300. All families remaining suffer from health problems, angst towards government in the region, can result in pressure from other parts of China. Financial help and housing may restore regional economic activity. Table above, specifically HDI trend and unemployment figures as they seem to oppose, discussion of environmental factors and economic factors on development. Use for Growth vs. Development also.

- Joseph T

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Increased real GDP:
The mining industry in Baotou is the largest Chinese source of the rare Earth minerals important for many advanced technologies (e.g. GDS and electric cars)

Reduced Green GDP:
Negatively impacts the farming industry, pollutes ground water, harms livestocks and reduces crop yield, ability for farmland to be used in growing crops
Does not support sustainable development and negatively impacts the quality of life of individuals living in the area suffering illnesses. (population decrease)

- Richard

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Positive:
1) P3: Baotou is the largest Chinese source of rare earths, essential for advanced technologies like smartphones, GPS receivers, wind farms, and electric cars——creates jobs and economic activity—— boosts GDP.

Negative:
1)P1:pollution is poisoning the farms and villages.
2)P2:toxic chemicals affect agriculture
3)P11:Different kinds of health issues caused
4)P9:population drop
-Shimeng Wu

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For GDP
“these strategic elements, essential to advanced technology, from smartphones to GPS receivers, but also to wind farms and, above all, electric cars.” (P3)
"In just 10 years the population has dropped from 2,000 to 300 people." (P9)
For green domestic product
"Pollution is poisoning the farms and villages of the region that processes the precious minerals." (P1)
“I have aching legs, like many of the villagers. There's a lot of diabetes, osteoporosis and chest problems. All the
families are affected by illness" (P11)

- Jiaqi Chen

# data[].attributes.body
China accounts for 97% of global output of these precious substances, the tailings pond contain all sorts of toxic chemicals, but also radioactive elements such as thorium which, if ingested, cause cancers of the pancreas and lungs, and leukaemia. crops in nearby villages started to fail: rare-earth minerals
were the source of their problems. The farmers have moved away. There's a lot of diabetes, osteoporosis and chest problems.

- Arjun

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The mining earths industry let China account 97 % of output, but at the same time the foul waters contain all sorts of toxic chemicals. Due to the foul water many farmers have moved away, in just 10 years the population has dropped from 2000 to 300

-Ruomeng

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GDP:
Baotou is the largest Chinese source of minerals essential to advanced technology. China accounts for 97% of global output of these substances, with two-thirds produced in Baotou.

The population had dropped from 2000 to 300 people.

Green GDP:
In the passage, the soil and groundwater is said to be saturated with toxic substances. By the end of the 1980s the crop biodiversity had decreased as a result, and 10 years later the yield had also depleted.

Livestock were also dying; scarcity of agriculture and livestock impacts the sustainability of the area and renders it incapable of supporting future generations, leading to many people migrating out of Baotou. In 10 years the population had dropped from 2000 to 300 people.

People were also falling ill, inhaling toxic vapours and ingesting the minerals found in water. There's a lot of diabetes, osteoporosis and chest problems.

-Aimee

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Batou is the largest Chinese source of Rare Earth minerals. However, these Rare-earth minerals were the initial cause of pollution, with toxic substances leaking into the surrounding areas. This accompanied by the number of factories created to mine these minerals has killed off many animals, such as cows, and horses. This toxic waste coming from the minerals has made people move away from the area, the population even dropping 2,000-3,000 people, as the villagers can no longer be financially stable to sustain their families with just farming. Not only this, the toxins affect the productivity of workers severely. Unemployment also increases throughout the years 2016 to 2019, going from 2.5% to 3.7%. Presumably, due to health issues caused by the chemical toxic waste such as diabetes, osteoporosis, and chest problems.

- Seo-Yeon

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1)decline in GDP per capita from $14,550 in 2016 to $13,000 in 2019 from table

2)The unemployment rate in Inner Mongolia is provided in the table, showing a gradual increase from 2.5% in 2016 to 3.7% in 2019.

3)P11:health issues among the population, including cancers and respiratory problems due to exposure to toxic substances.

4)An increase in the Gini coefficient from 0.370 in 2016 to 0.388 in 2019 suggests growing income inequality in Inner Mongolia.

-Shimeng

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From table above(2016 to 2019)
Decrease GDP from $14550 to $13000
Increase the unemployment rate from 2.5% to 3.7%

The town of Baotou, in Inner Mongolia, is
the largest Chinese source of these strategic elements, essential to advanced technology, from smartphones to GPS receivers, but also to wind farms and, above all, electric cars.

China accounts for 97% of global output of these precious substances, with two-thirds produced in Baotou.

The foul waters of the tailings pond contain all sorts of toxic chemicals, but also radioactive elements such as thorium which, if ingested, cause cancers of the pancreas and lungs, and leukaemia.

The farmers have moved away. Most of the small brick houses in Xinguang Sancun, huddling close to one another, are going to rack and ruin. In just 10 years the population has dropped from 2,000 to 300 people.

- Jiaqi Chen

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Economic Growth and Development
- The Baotou industry as an output for rare earth minerals that are heavily in demand—Chinese main source. Essential for advanced technologies (e.g....)
- Negative externality: Infects farmland and reduces the agricultural industry (plants grow badly...)
- Sulphuric acids, dust and pollution harm the livelihood of people living in the areas—reduced standard of living.
- Infected groundwater and harming livestock (further harming the agricultural industry and reducing economic sustainability)
- Farmers moving away: impacts employment in the region as many agricultural workers are put out of their jobs (mining industry also replaces land where farming initially was)
- results in health conditions (diabetes, osteoporosis) further impacting production
- Financial compensation by the government to villagers to account for the impacts on employment, economic conditions (especially of harmers) and health effects
- Falling real GDP per Capita in Inner Mongolia
- Rising Unemployment in Inner Mongolia

- Richard

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negative: -(pollution,reduced food sources) nagative externality of production, increase government spending, budget deficit, debt, low economic growth, low standards of living, low economic development. This is not supported by HDI because HDI increases from 0.733 to 0.737, however this is likely caused by higher income inequality as shown in increase in gini coefficient from 0.370 to 0.388. this is also supported by increasing unemployment rate showing that many lost their jobs due to unfavourable environment. Loss source of income. AD falls. GDP falls. Lower growth.
-labour force are leaving 2,000 to 300. less factors of production and reduces productivity. PPC shift inward. productive capacity of china specific to the region decreases. output decreases. gdp falls 14,550 to 13,000
positive:
- it is the industry that is also main driver of the economy. (97% of global output). allows export revenue, improve budget deficit. revenue can be used for investments and also better trade bargaining power.
-Furthermore, it is essential good to advanced technology,from smartphones to GPS receivers, but also to wind farms and, above all, electric cars. These will improve China's competitive advantage as they have the primary resource to produce these goods. Greater output, higher GDP , economic growth improve. Improves employment in the short run due to the need for factors of production, however not in the long run due to the negative externality of production.

-christin

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Batou is the largest Chinese source of strategic elements, essential to advanced technology, as they account for 97% of the global output of these precious substances, 2/3 being produced in Batou itself. The waters in Batou have toxic chemicals, and radioactive elements which cause health issues such as cancers and leukemia. Crops began to fail in the surrounding areas, which later turned out to be a fault of these rare-earth minerals. This caused people to migrate, and move out of Batou as they couldn't sustain themselves, the population dropping around 2000-3000.

-Seo-Yeon

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Baotou is the largest Chinese source of minerals essential to advanced technology, such as smartphones, GPS, electric cars.
China accounts for 97% of global output of these substances, with two-thirds produced in Baotou. Before factories were built, it was just fields in Baotou.

The population fell from 2000 to 300 in just 10 years. Many people remaining in Baotou have health issues, many of which are chronic such as diabetes and osteoporosis. Ingesting the heavy metals in the contaminated water also poses the risk of cancer. Unemployment has increased from 2.5% to 3.7%.

HDI ranking showed a general increase from 2016 to 2019, from 0.733 to 0.737.

GDP per capita faced a general decrease from 2016 to 2019, from 14550 to 13000, this also has to account for a fall in the population as people leave Baotou.

Gini coefficient increased from 2016 to 2019, from 0.370 to 0.388.

The government funded partial compensation and the building of new housing for the villagers.

-Aimee

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Define key terms: economic growth, and development.

Overview of Rare Earth Mining in Inner Mongolia:
Highlight the significance of Baotou as the largest Chinese source of rare earths.Mention the role of rare earths in advanced technology, including smartphones, GPS receivers, wind farms, and electric cars.Emphasize China's dominance, contributing to 97% of global rare earth output, with two-thirds produced in Baotou.

Mining Process and Environmental Impact:
Discuss the pollution caused by the tailings pond, containing toxic chemicals and radioactive elements, impacting water, soil, and air quality.Refer to the decline in agricultural productivity and health issues faced by residents due to exposure to pollutants. HDI decrease in table 1.

Impact on Agriculture and Population:
Detail the agricultural decline in nearby villages, leading to the abandonment of fields and limited crop cultivation.Discuss the relocation and economic struggles of farmers, leading to a significant drop in the population of affected villages.
Lorenz curve——inequality increase in Gini coeficient table !

Health and Social Impact:
Highlight the health problems faced by residents, such as cancers and respiratory issues.Discuss the economic struggles of displaced farmers who are treated as second-class citizens and exploited for low-wage labor.
Negative externality of production.

Government Response and Compensation:
Mention the efforts of villagers in seeking compensation and drawing attention to their plight.Discuss the promises of financial compensation and potential new housing, pointing out the challenges in fulfilling these promises.

Pros and Cons of Rare Earth Mining:
Highlight the economic benefits, such as GDP growth and employment opportunities.Discuss the drawbacks, including environmental degradation, health issues, and social displacement.

Conclusion:
Summarize the economic impact on Inner Mongolia, considering both positive and negative aspects.Emphasize the need for sustainable practices and balanced economic development.

-Shimeng

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Define economic growth and economic development.
Give context information about tech industry and use of rare minerals in production. contextualise Inner Mongolia and China as major contributor to tech industry and mineral mining.
Pros: growth in local economy from mining and use in tech industry, potential economic growth as a result. HDI figures to show negative impact. Discuss cons of mining including poor public health and environmental damage. Examples of health issues as they are serious and expensive illnesses hence can result in welfare or expenditure on health where it could be spent elsewhere. Can also mean that individual's income is being used on mainly personal health or not being spent in order to save for treatment or to emigrate. Impact on agricultural sector and discuss potential drops in agriculture sector compared to the potential gains in the technology industry as a result. Discussion of increasing unemployment rate and population decrease in the region resulting in less productive capacity and decreased GDP in area. Population drop with minimal GDP per capita increase suggests it is harmful to the incomes of the regional population. Further con is that of public opinion on government. government intervention with financial aid and housing to restore regional economy and potential to drive both population and GDP per capita up. Investment can also show dedication to aiding in environmental issues in the area, improving public opinion of government making other government intervention easier as they are improving their public image by investing in the area.

- Joseph T

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1)Define economic growth and development
2)Diagram of the Economy in Inner Mongolia arising from the mining of rare earths(AS shifts to the left, Real GDP decreases)
3)Economic Growth(GDP) declined form 2016 to 2019. The mining of rare earths helps China increase the supply of precious substances.  "China accounts for 97% of global output of these precious substances, with two-thirds produced in Baotou" AD=C+I+G+(X-M), output leads to increased economic growth. These sources of these strategic elements are "essential to advanced technology, from smartphones to GPS receivers, but also to wind farms and, above all, electric cars." Therefore, the GDP will increase. However, the mining of rare earths will also have a negative impact on agriculture. "Before the factories were built, there were just fields here as far as the eye can see. In the place of this radioactive sludge were watermelons, aubergines and tomatoes." the population decreases, so according to the table, the overall GDP will decrease.
4)The mining of rare earth is bad for economic development because
- pollution
- increase the unemployment rate
- bad for human health(show as HDI and "cause cancers of the pancreas and lungs, and leukaemia")
5)Analysis of government intervention to balance the economy.
6)Conclusion - the overall impact on economic growth and development (including pros and cons).

- Jiaqi Chen

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Define economic growth and economic development

The mining industry will benefit economic growth:

China accounts for 97% of rare earth mineral output, 2/3 is from Baotou. Essential for advanced technologies therefore in high demand—accounts for the majority of aggregate supply. Therefore also important for job creation and output (therefore real GDP in the region)

However:

Mining industry has significant negative externalities on local villagers and land (define term).

Radioactive contamination can pollute groundwater and therefore impact local sources of water, reducing safety and access to the necessity locally.

Impacts agricultural industry:

- Reduces crop harvest

- Reduces Livestock

Hence unemployment also decreases in different industries. In the long term, it has led to greater economic unemployment (refer to statistics) (impacts both economic growth and economic development), also linked to falling GDP per capita in Baotou.

People migrate away from the region for employment and health reasons, reducing the local population and therefore decreasing productive capacity.

Pollution via sulphurous gases and dust greatly impact health, lead to related-illnesses, cancer in pancreas and lungs, (diabetes, osteoporosis) further reduce living conditions and can also lead to inefficiencies as workers need more days off due to sickness.

Local Baotou Government may need to increase spending on healthcare to support economic development in the region, negatively impacting government budget—opportunity costs to provide support to local villagers

- Richard