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Cells are the building block of living organisms

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An organelle within all cells, its function is to store genetic information and co-ordinates and regulate cellular activities.

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The complete set of chromosomes.

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46 chromosomes in each somatic cell

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DNA is composed of two complimentary strands that form a 'twisted ladder' shape

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23 chromosomes in each gametic cell.

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Tightly coiled peices of DNA stored in the nucleus.

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The reproductive cells

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A, T, C and G

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The female gamete

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The male gamete

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A segment af DNA that codes for a protein

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Deoxyribonucleic acid. the molecule that carries genetic information. Essential to life.

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Genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions for building proteins.

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How genes are activated and regulated within an organism.

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Variation, Mutation and Heritage.

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Coding regions of genes.

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Non-coding regions that are transcribed but later removed during RNA processing.

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The conversion of DNA into RNA, a key step in gene expression.

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The process where RNA is translated into functional proteins.

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The study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.

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Mutations: Changes in the DNA sequence that can result in genetic diversity and sometimes genetic disorders.

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Common genetic variations among individuals, often linked to traits or susceptibility to diseases.

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The study of how genes drive the evolution of species over time.

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This process allows for multiple protein variants from a single gene by selectively including or excluding certain exons.

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The recombination of exons from different genes, contributing to genetic diversity and novel protein functions.

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Some introns are retained in mature RNA, leading to non-coding regions within a gene's transcript.

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Different ways introns can be spliced can impact gene function and the final protein product.

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These are proteins that bind to DNA and influence the initiation and regulation of transcription.

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Regions in the DNA that control the start of transcription and enhance gene expression.

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These cellular components, along with ribosomal proteins, form ribosomes, where translation occurs.

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These molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis during translation.

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Changes that occur at a single nucleotide, such as substitutions, insertions, or deletions.

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Larger-scale mutations, like translocations or inversions, which can lead to genetic disorders.

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Common variations at a single nucleotide position in the genome associated with traits and diseases.