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California's first governor Peter Burnett stated his anti-free black beliefs, "It could be no favor, and no kindness, to permit free Blacks to settle in the State, [...], the object is to keep them out."

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After heated debates on a contested subject, California decided to ban slavery when government was formed

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many delegates including anti slavery ones advocated for free blacks to be banned from California during the constitutional convention, and it was seriously considered to be put in, and miners who feared the competition either drove blacks out of town or subjected them to segregation

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The free soil party voted down black suffrage in the party

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A current federal courthouse was a flourishing slave market that sold Native Californians by auction from 1850-1870

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Slavery of California Indians not Completely Outlawed

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Slavery of California Indians not Completely Outlawed

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California Legislature passed an indentured servitude and apprentice law that applied only to California Indians

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Act for the Government and Protection of Indians

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Act for the Government and Protection of Indians

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Made it legal to enslave Natives charged with loitering or public drinking, even though they were paid with alcohol. They had to work until their debt was paid, whatever that means.

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Natives could not become citizens, vote or testify in court.

Their population in LA dropped from 3,693 to 219 between 1850 and 1870

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-An Indian could be declared "vagrant" and be forced to work

-If an Indian was found to break a law and could not pay the fine, a white person could bail them out. In return the Indian would have to work for the white person until the fine was paid off

-A white person could bring an Indian child to court to be responsible for the "care, ...control, and earnings" of the child

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Roaming Indian-killer bands played a large role in reducing native population by 80%

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viewed as "valuable possessions", children were often kidnapped and sometimes brought to the south to be sold as virtual slaves

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Broderick opposed slavery

Terry was an advocate for expanding slavery into California

The death of Broderick turned him into a martyr for the anti-slavery cause

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These Indian-Killer groups profitted by selling native women and children

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Section 18. Salvery is prohibited [In the state of California]. Involuntary servitude is prohibited except to punish crime

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California often funded or rewarded indian killers

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"When a person held to labour, [...], shall escape to this state, the person to whom such labour or service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize or arrest such fugitive from labour, [...]."

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As many as 5,617, and very likely more, natives were massacred by officially sanctioned militias and U.S. troops from the 1840s-1870s. These massacres were state sponsored

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Black codes prohibited African Americans from testifying against whites in state courts.

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Vigilantes killed thousands more natives