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When volcanoes erupt, they often spew large amounts of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. This toxic, foul-smelling gas may then form tiny sulfate particles that particularly in the stratosphere, can influence Earth's climate for months to many decades.

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Volcanoes are ruptures in the crust of a planetary-mass objects, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chambers below the surface.

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The name comes from Vulcan the roman god of fire.

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The Pacific Ring of Fire is a string of volcanoes where the Pacific Ocean seafloor is subducting under the continents. It brings water causing volcanic eruptions from stratovolcanoes.

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An erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rockfalls. More than 80% of the earth's surface is volcanic in origin. The sea floor and some mountains were formed by countless volcanic eruptions. Gaseous emissions from volcano formed the earth's atmosphere.

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There are many more volcanoes on the ocean floor than on land, in fact, ¾ of all volcanoes are underwater. There are even volcanoes under ice caps as can be found in Iceland. The Ring of Fire is a 40,000km horseshoe-shaped area in the Pacific Ocean and is home to 90% of all volcanoes on Earth.

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Volcanoes are vents, or openings in the Earth's crust, that release ash, gases and steam, and hot liquid rock called lava. When the lava cools and hardens, it forms into the cone‐shaped mountain we think of as a volcano. Most of the world's volcanoes are found around the edges of tectonic plates, both on land and in the oceans.

On land, volcanoes form when one tectonic plate moves under another. Usually a thin, heavy oceanic plate subducts, or moves under, a thicker continental plate. When this happens, the ocean plate sinks into the mantle.

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Water trapped in the rocks in this plate gets squeezed out. This causes some of the rocks to melt. The melted rock, or magma, is lighter than the surrounding rock and rises up. This magma collects in magma chambers, but it is still miles below the surface.

When enough magma builds up in the magma chamber, it forces its way up to the surface and erupts, often causing volcanic eruptions.

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In the ocean, volcanoes erupt along cracks that are opened in the ocean floor by the spreading of two plates called a mid‐ocean ridge. Magma from the Earth's upper mantle rises up to fill these cracks. As the lava cools, it forms new crust on the edges of the cracks. These mid‐ocean ridges are actually long chains of underwater volcanoes that circle the Earth like the seams on a baseball.

About 80 to 90 percent of all volcanic eruptions occur where the plates spread apart.

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Throughout human history, large volcanic eruptions have affected the year-to-year variability of the Earth's climate and even triggered crop failures and famines. These events may also have contributed to disease pandemics and the decline of agriculture-based societies.

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A volcanic eruption can be violent, pushing huge amounts of ash and gas high into the sky, but some eruptions are less dramatic, producing long, oozing flows of runny lava. Volcanoes can form steep cone shapes or have gentle, sloping sides.