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blue = lecture
green = reading
yellow = article

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- electrical stimulation of the neocortex of dogs causes movement (arms & legs)

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- measure electrical currents of brain w voltmeters and electrodes on the skull

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- determined speed that electricity travels through a nerve

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wave of stimulation passing from neuron to neuron

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- charge difference increases
- charge gets more negative
- inward flow of Cl- and outward flow of K+

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- charge diff decreases
- charge gets more positive
- inward flow of Na+

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- brief reversal in polarity of an axon
- 1ms long

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- voltage on neural (resting) membrane at which an action potential is triggered
- opening of Na+ and K+ voltage sensitive channels
- approximately -40 mV relative to extracellular surround

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Na+ channels are more sensitive than K+ --> opens sooner to changes in membrane voltages

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depolarization due to Na+ influx
- when tetrodotoxin blocks sodium channels, a slightly different action potential only from efflux of K+ is recorded

hyperpolarization due to K+ efflux
- when TEA surrounds the axon (blocks K+ channels), a smaller-than-normal action potential due to Na+ influx is recorded

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absolute refractory period
- state of an axon while repolarizing when a new AP cannot be elicited because gate 2 of Na+ channels is closed
>> during flush, toilet can't be flushed again

relative refractory period
- state of an axon in the later phase of an AP when increased electrical current is required to produce another AP
- K+ channels still open
>> when the bowl is refilling, toilet can be flushed again but its harder

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saltatory conduction and the myelin sheath

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saltatory conduction and the myelin sheath

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- axon is insulated by myelin produced by:

> CNS: oligodendroglia

> PNS: Schwann cells

- node of Ranvier: myelin sheath segments seerated by a gap

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- no Na+ channels under myelin sheaths
- Na+ ions that started action potentials at hillock diffuse to node of Ranvier where action potential is regenerated in a flowing action down the axon to the presynaptic area

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- brief depolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation
- neuron is more likely to produce an AP

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- brief hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane in response to stimulation
- neuron is less likely to produce an AP

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only last milliseconds before resting potential is restored

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associated with opening Na+ channels --> influx of Na+

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associated with opening K+ channels --> efflux of K+
associated with opening of Cl- channels --> influx of Cl-

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add EPSPs and IPSPs to produce an AP

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pulses that occur at approximately the same time in a membrane are summed

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pulses that occur at approximately the same location on a membrane are summed

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if summed ionic inputs exceed threshold (approx -50mV) at axon hillock, AP initiated

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electrical current applied to frog leg nerve --> stimulated movement

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- first experimented in pt w hole in her skull from cancer

- larger voltages caused seizures

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clinical diagnostic tool tp record electrical brain activity

>> for sleep disorders and seizure disorder (like epilepsy)

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don't use in a live animal bc the animal will die

culture neurons, then you can use tetrodotoxin in the solution bath the neuron is in --> blocks Na+ channels functions, so only the K+ channels will be working and you can study its function

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many diff receptors types that open and close channels, or sets of channels depending on ions concentrations

electrical history of the neuron impacts how likely an AP is

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once an AP has begin, it will be completed

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sequence of spikes that create bytes of info

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increased Na+ channel permeability allows AP to occur

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channels can be inactivated which also contributes to membrane voltage changes

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the AP is the point at which one more Na+ entering the cell will trigger regenerative NA conductance OR one more K+ leaving the cell will cause a resting potential

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refractory periods limit the rate neurons can fire APs

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refractory periods limit the rate neurons can fire APs

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during absolute refractory period: Na+ channels are inactivated, so no amt of depolarizing current can trigger an AP

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Na+ channel inactivation is the root cause of the absolute refractory period

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Na+ channel inactivation is the root cause of the absolute refractory period

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the absolute refractory period ends when enough Na+ channels leave the inactivated state upon repolarization of the membrane potential

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serotonergic psychedelic

anxiolytic and antidepressant properties

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study anxiety-like behaviors, cortical dendritic spines, and 5HT neurons activity originating in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)

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male mice exposed to chronic restraint stress

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no anxiolytic or antidepressant effect in non-stressed mice

prevented stress-induced anxiety-like behavior

prevented stress-induced decrease cortical spine density

decreased firing og 5HT neurons, but repeated LSD increased basal firing rate and restored the low 5 HT firitng induced by stress

decreased inhibitory response of 5HT neurons to microiontophoretic applications of 5HT agonist (8-OH-DPAT)

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LSD prevents anxiety-like behaviors associated w chronic stress

np effects on nonstressed mice

increased spinogenesis

enhancement of 5HT neurotransmission which might be bc of 5HT receptor desensititization

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acute LSD treatment DOESNT have anxiolytic or antidepressant effect

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acute LSD treatment DOESNT have anxiolytic or antidepressant effect

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all of these are not significant!!

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microiontophoretic ejection of increasing 8-OH-DPAT currents show significant difference in the response of 5HT DRN neurons when treated w LSD

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measured the validity of LSD dosage w degree of head twitch response, 30 and 60 had highest head twitch response

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REPEATED LSD treatment has anxiolytic effect

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REPEATED LSD treatment has anxiolytic effect