# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

Discovered that the Earth spins on an axis

Put forth the theory that the sun is in the center of the universe

Francis Bacon, 1561, United Kingdom

Created the scientific method, the Bacon Method, which is the inductive method of scientific investigation.

Served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

Invented telescope

Discovered concept of Inertia

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germeny

Made 3 laws of planetary motion

Provided correct account of how vision works

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

Discovered blood circulation in the body

Studied heartbeats

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

Helped popularize ideas of scientific revolution including atomism and the competing vitalistic and mechanistic natural philosophies.

Published subjects like natural philosophy and gender

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

Discovered that air was necessary for burning

Isaac Newton, 1643, England

Discovered Gravity

Made Newton's Laws of Motion

Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

Built a 12-meter-long telescope, the largest of its day

The first woman to discover a comet

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Nicolaus Copernicus

birth: 1947

Located: Poland

Accomplishments-

1. Discovered the earth spins on an axis

2. Came up with the theory that the sun is the center of the universe

Johannes Kepler

birth: 1571

Located: Germany

Accomplishments-

1. Discovered planets move quicker when they are close to the sun

2. Discovered planets move in elliptical paths around the sun

Galileo Galilei

birth: 1964

Located: Italy

Accomplishments-

1. He improved the telescope

2. He discovered the rings of Saturn

Isaac Newton

birth: 1643

Located: UK

Accomplishments-

1. He discovered the theory of the universe's gravity

2. He discovered the nature of white light

William Harvey-

birth: April 1, 1578

Located: United Kingdom

Accomplishments-

1. He discovered blood circulation throughout the body

2. He investigated heartbeats

Robert Boyle

Birth: 1627

Located: United Kingdom

Accomplishments

1. Discovered air is needed for burning

2. Discovered that the volume of gas increases with decreasing pressure

Francis Bacon

Birth: 1561

Accomplishments-

1. Discovered the scientific method

2. Demonstrated a successful six-kilowatt fuel cell

Rene Descartes

birth: 1596

Located: France

Accomplishments-

1. Invented geometry

2. Introduced skepticism

Emilie du Châtelet

birth: 1706

Located: France

Accomplishments-

1. Concepts of energy conservation

2. Translation and commentary on Issac Newton

Sophie Germain

birth: 1776

Located: France

Accomplishments-

1. The first woman to manage great studies in mathematics w/o any previous teachings.

2. Made a theorem for proving Fermat's last theorum

Francis Bacon

Rene Descartes

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Scientists Name, Birth Year, Location

2 Accomplishments

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Nicolaus Copernicus,

Feb 19 1473,

Royal Prussia (Poland)

Formed a model of the Universe revolving around the sun

was a pioneer to the Copernicus revolution

Johannes Kepler

Dec. 27, 1571,

Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt, Holy Roman Empire,

Created Keplers Laws of Planetary Motion (the sun moves on an axis, the axis is mathematically calculated, and the solar system orbits around the sun in an oval)

invented an improved version of the refraction telescope called the Keplerian telescope in which the lens are the objective

Galileo Galilei

Feb. 15 1564

Pisa, Duchy of Florence

Invented the thermoscope, a way to calculate the temperature of liquids

Studied the stars of the Milky Way to combat the controversial views of astrology at the time

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Nicolaus Copernicus, February 19, 1473, Poland

Discovered the Heliocentric system, which is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the universe

He theorized that the Sun revolves around the Sun

Johannes Kepler, December 17, 1571, Germany

Stated that planets move in elliptical patterns around the Sun

Discovered that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the Sun.

Galileo Galilei, February 15, 1564, Italy

He discovered craters and mountains on the Moon and the stars of the Milky Way.

He also developed the first pendulum clock.

Isaac Newton, January 4, 1643, United Kingdom

Invented the reflecting telescope, which allows scientists to examine the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Discovered calculus, which is the mathematical study of change

William Harvey, April 15, 1578, United Kingdom

The first person to accurately describe the workings of blood circulation in the human body.

His observations led to further advancements in the medical community.

Robert Boyle, January 25, 1627, Ireland

Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

Discovered the oxygen element

Francis Bacon, January 22, 1561, Strand

Served as attorney general and Lord Chancellor of England, resigning amid charges of corruption

Francis Bacon contributed to the Scientific Revolution in laying the foundations for the scientific method. According to Bacon, people should seek truths based not on traditional assumptions but on that which they could observe for themselves.

Rene Descartes, March 31, 1596, France

Invented analytic geometry, a method of solving geometric problems algebraically and algebraic problems geometrically.

Devised a universal method of deductive reasoning, based on mathematics, that applies to all the sciences.

Caroline Herschel, March 16, 1750, Germany

Detected three new nebulae (gas clouds)

Became the first woman to discover a comet, now known as Comet C/1786 P1 (Herschel).

Sophie Germain, April 1, 1776, France

What discoveries did Sophie Germain make?

Germain's best work was in number theory, and her most significant contribution to number theory dealt with Fermat's Last Theorem.

Germain's work on prime numbers was an important step in proving Fermat's Last Theorem. Later publications by Sophie Germain regarding the theory of elasticity were instrumental in the building of the Eiffel Tower.

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Nicolaus Copernicus - Poland, 1473

Formulated heliocentric-ism, which is the theory that the sun is at the center of the universe and that the earth spins around the sun

Developed a system for calculating and predicting planetary motions

Galileo Galilei - 1564, Italy

he was the first to report telescopic observations of the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.

He invented an early microscope and telescope

Johannes Kepler - Germany, 1571

Discovered planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the Sun; Keplers second law

Kepler's First Law stated that planets move in elliptical paths around the Sun

William Harvey - 1578, United Kingdom

the first person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body. He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts at the heart and leads back to the heart

He wrote the book De Motu Cordis which studied the movment of the heart

Rene Descartes - 1596, France

He invented analytic geometry, a method of solving geometric problems algebraically and algebraic problems geometrically

he was considered to be a top mathematician, the developer of a new and comprehensive physics or theory of nature (including living things), and the proposer of a new metaphysics

Francis Bacon - 1626, Strand

Bacon has been called the father of empiricism, which is the idea that knowledge comes from the senses. Francis Bacon's theory was that scientific knowledge must come from the careful observation of nature filtered through inductive reasoning

Sir Francis Bacon published in his work, Meditationes Sacrae (1597), which contained the famous quote: "knowledge itself is power",

Isaac Newton - 1643, United Kingdom

Discovered the laws of Gravity

responsible for working out many of the principles of visible light and the laws of motion, and contributing to calculus

Robert Boyle - 1691, Ireland

discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

He was the first to perform experiments under controlled conditions and publish his researches with elaborate details of procedure, apparatus and observations

Emilie du Châtelet - 1706, France

elucidation of the concepts of energy and energy conservation

translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica

Sophie Germain - 1776, Fracnce

Germain was the first mathematician to ever formulate a cohesive plan for proving Fermat's Last Theorem

She battled against the social prejudices of the era and a lack of formal training in order to become a celebrated mathematician

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

He put forth the theory that the sun is near the center of the Universe, and the Earth revolves annually around the sun.

He developed a system for calculating or predicting planetary motions.

Francis Bacon, 1561, Strand

Sir Francis Bacon was knighted by James I in 1603 being the first ever scientist to be granted the rank of knight.

Bacon's work set the groundwork for the scientific method instituted in the 19th centur.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

Galileo discovered the concept of interia which is a property of matter which remains at the state of rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

Galileo was also known for inventing an improved telescope.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

He used math to formulate 3 laws of planetary motion.

He helped prove the heliocentric theory which states that the sun and the planets orbit a nucleus of helium, sun and planets orbit the Earth, and Earth and planets orbit around the sun.

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

William Harvey was the first person to describe blood circulation around the body.

William Harvey was also credited for discovering the heart in the human body.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

"I think, therefore I am" was a quote he said meaning if he ever doubted, then someone or something else was doing the doubting and this was huge for western philosophy.

Pierre de Fermat helped Descartes invent analytic geometry, conversion of geometry into algebra. This lead to that algebraic problems could be solved geometrically and geometric problems could be solved algebraically.

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

She was the first woman to be invited to the newly formed Royal society at the time.

She wrote 20 volumes of plays, poems, essays and satires during her lifetime which she explored concepts of atomism, materialism, and animal rights.

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

He created Boyle's law which states that the volume and pressure of a gas have an inverse relationship meaning that if a gas were to increase, the volume would decrease and vice versa, as long as the temperature is constant.

Robert Hooke helped Boyle improve the already existing air pump creating and sustaining a vacuum using it to perform various experiments.

Isaac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

Newton was famous for formulating the laws of motion and gravity.

In 1705, Sir Isaac Newton was knighted by Queen Anne becoming the second scientist to be granted knighthood.

Sophia Germain, 1776, France

She helped work on mathematics like the number theory which is exclusively dedicated to the study of integers and arithmetic functions, and elasticity theory, the relationship of forces applied to physical objects resulting in deformities.

As a result of explaining the "underlying mathematical law" of elasticity, she was given an award by the French Academy of Scientists. This introduced her to the ranks of the most prominent mathematicians at the time.

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Nicolas Copernicus, 1473, Poland

He interested the idea of heliocentric, that the Sun was the center of the Solar System.

Developed the idea that Earth rotates on its axis.

Francis Bacon, 1561, England

Helped contribute to the idea of continental drift, the idea that all of the continents were all together but gradually split up.

Made the Scientific Method, which is making an observation/question, researching the topic area, creating hypothesis, testing with experiment, analyzing data, and finally reporting the conclusions.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

He created the Galileo's proportional compass, which could be used for performing square root calculations, calculating interest, drawing polygons, etc.

Invented an improved telescope, that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots, and the rugged lunar surface.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Formulate three laws of motion, called Kepler's Laws. They describe how planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit.

Discovered the path of light into the eye, which gave clarity to central visual acuity, visual field, dark adaptation, and errors of refraction.

William Harvey, 1578, England

First to discover the correct circulation of blood in the body. Stated how blood was pumped through a single system of arteries and veins, supported by hypotheses with experiments and arguments.

Studied animal reproduction that was focused on chickens and deer. He worked on chickens as an example of oviparous reproduction, where embryonic development occurs within eggs hatched outside the mother's body, and deer as an example of viviparous reproduction, where embryonic development occurs within the mother's body, resulting in the birth of live young.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Invented analytical geometry, which establishes equivalences between algebra problems and geometry problems by introducing a unit length that served as a reference for all other lengths and for all operations among them.

Introduced skepticism as an important part of the scientific method, which was by doubting any idea that can be doubted in order to acquire a solid foundation for knowledge.

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

Made Boyle's Law, which states that at a fixed temperature, the volume of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure employed by the gas.

Created the book The Sceptical Chymist in 1661, which paved the way for modern chemistry by putting down misinformed alchemy and provided the first modern definition of an element.

Issac Newton, 1643, England

Created Issac Newton's 3 Laws of Motion, which were in the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Invented Calculus at age 24, which is the finding and properties of derivatives and integrals of functions, by methods originally based on the summation of infinitesimal differences.

Emilie du Châtelet, 1706, France

She translated and commented on Isaac Newton's work Principia Mathematica in French. Principia Mathematica was about absolute space, time and motion.

She became the first to elucidate the concept of energy as such, and to quantify its relationship to mass and velocity based on her own empirical studies.

Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

In 1789, Caroline Herschel had built a 12-meter-long reflector, the largest telescope of its day.

Caroline had become the first woman to ever discover a comet in 1786.

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1. Nicolaus Copernicus (Born: 1473, poland)

Known for:

- Proposing the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun at the center and revolutionized our understanding of the universe.

- Publishing "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium," a groundbreaking work in astronomy.

2. Johannes Kepler (Born: 1571, Holy Roman Empire)

- Known for:

- Developing Kepler's laws of planetary motion, which described the elliptical orbits of planets around the Sun.

- Providing strong mathematical support for the heliocentric model, solidifying its acceptance.

3. Galileo Galilei (Born: 1564, Italy)

- Known for:

- Making significant advancements in observational astronomy with the telescope, including the discovery of Jupiter's moons and sunspots.

- Promoting the heliocentric model and challenging geocentric beliefs, which led to conflicts with the Catholic Church.

4. William Harvey (Born: 1578, England)

Known for:

- Describing the circulation of blood in the human body, fundamentally advancing our

understanding of anatomy and physiology.

- Publishing the work "De Motu Cordis," which laid the foundation for modern cardiology.

5. Francis Bacon (Born: 1561, England)

Known for:

- Pioneering the scientific method and advocating for empirical observation and

experimentation as the basis for scientific inquiry.

- His works, such as "Novum Organum," laid the groundwork for the development of the

scientific method.

6. Rene Descartes (born 1596, France)

Known for:

- Being a key figure in both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

- Developing the Cartesian coordinate system and contributing to the fields of mathematics

and philosophy, with works like "Discourse on the Method."

7. Robert Boyle (born 1627, Ireland)

Known for:

- Boyle's law, which describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.

- Advancing the field of chemistry and promoting the experimental method in scientific investigations.

8. Isaac Newton ( Born: 1643, England)

Known for:

- Formulating the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation, which explained the

motion of celestial bodies.

- His book "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" laid the foundation for classical

mechanics and modern physics.

9. Maria Sybilla Merian ( Born: 1647, Germany)

Known for:

- Pioneering the field of entomology and scientific illustration through her detailed studies of insects and their life cycles.

- Her work "Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium" provided valuable insights into the natural world.

10. Emilie du Châtelet (Born: 1706,France)

Known for:

- Translating and popularizing Isaac Newton's "Principia Mathematica" into French, which

made Newton's work more accessible.

- Making contributions to physics and mathematics, including her work on energy

conservation and the concept of kinetic energy.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Born: February 19, 1473

Location: Poland

Accomplishments:

Concluded that all of the planets revolve around the sun (Heliocentric system)

Developed a system to calculate and predict planetary motions in which he proposed that all planets move in perfect circles around the sun given their different distances

Francis Bacon

Born: January 22, 1561

Location: United Kingdom

Accomplishments:

Constructed a method in which scientists can experiment with nature and prove their hypotheses wrong (Bacon Method)

Wrote Novum Organum, published in 1921, established a new method for obtaining knowledge, which has allowed modern scientists to refer back to Bacon's ideology

Galileo Galilei

Born: February 15, 1564

Location: Italy

Accomplishments:

Used the invention of the telescope to invent his own three-powered spyglass that produced a more powerful telescope

Discovered that Jupiter had four moons revolving around it

William Harvey

Born: April 1, 1578

Location: United Kingdom

Accomplishments:

Recognized that the blood in the human body flows rapidly and is being pumped through a system of arteries and veins

Studied the reproduction of animals in which he worked on oviparous reproduction (production outside of the mother) and viviparous reproduction (production inside the mother)

Rene Descartes

Born: March 31, 1596

Location: France

Accomplishments:

Studied that the human body operates by mechanical principles between the mind and body

Argued that every action was stimulated by vibrations that were distinctive so the body could act accordingly

Robert Boyle

Born: January 25, 1627

Location: United Kingdom/Ireland

Accomplishments:

Invented the air pump to study pneumatics (gas), which led to multiple discoveries on the physical characteristics of air

Argued that everything is composed of minute particles that are distinctly different based on shape and motion

Johannes Kepler

Born: December 27, 1630

Location: Germany

Accomplishments:

Concluded that the six Copernican planet's spacing can be explained by circumscribing (restricting in limits) and inscribing each orbit with one of the five regular polyhedrons (3-D shapes with flat faces, straight edges, and sharp verticies)

Was a professor of mathematics at the Protestand seminary, while also serving as the district mathematician and a calendar maker

Isaac Newton

Born: January 4, 1643

Location: United Kingdom

Accomplishments:

With a prisim, he argued that white light was a mixture of many types of rays

Wrote "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica" that described his three laws of motion for the universe

Maria Sybilla Merian

Born: April 2, 1647

Location: Germany

Accomplishments:

Published Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung, und sonderbare Blumennahrung which detailed the metamorphosis of moths and butterflies

Created a series of watercolor engravings of flowers

Marie Paulze Lavoisier

Born: January 20, 1758

Location: France

Accomplishments:

Was a scientific illustrator and note taker for chemical experiments

Mastered English, Latin, and French in order to translate works for her husband so they could further their work in chemistry

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland:

-created heliocentric system (theory that the Sun is at rest in the center of the universe and the Earth orbits around it)

-suggested that the Earth rotates on its axis, explained the daily cycle of the Sun and stars

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy:

-astronomical discoveries (rings of Saturn, moons on Jupiter)

-discovered the concept of inertia

inertia: a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany:

-formulated three laws of planetary motion:

1. Planets move in elliptical paths around the Sun

2. Planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the Sun

3. Explained the relationship between the distance of a planet from the Sun and the amount of time it took to orbit the Sun

-invented the first powerful telescope to observe the night sky

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom:

- was the first person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body, showed that arteries and veins form a circuit that starts at the heart and leads back to it

-discovered the nature of the heartbeat (active phase when muscles contract)

Rene Descartes, 1596, France:

-developed analytical geometry (study of geometry using a coordinate system)

-introduced skepticism to the scientific method

Margaret Lucus Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom:

-helped to popularize some of the most important ideas of the scientific revolution (competing vitalistic and mechanistic natural philosophies)

-authored and published many works under her own name during a time of great political upheaval, covered natural philosophy and social/political concerns

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland:

-Developed the theory that all matter is composed of tiny corpuscles, now called atoms

-invented the vacuum pump (pump device that draws gas particles from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum)

Isaac Newton, 1643, UK:

-discovered calculus

-3 laws of motion:

1.an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it

2.the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration

3.when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Emilie du Châtelet, 1706, France:

-translated Newton's Principia Mathematica into French, added commentary and correction to his theories on mathematics and physics

-developed financial derivatives (a type of financial contract whose value is dependent on an underlying asset/group of assets or benchmark)

Francis Bacon, 1909, Ireland:

-developed the plate tectonic theory (scientific theory explaining how major landforms are created as a result of Earth's subterranean movements)

-developed scientific method (method of acquiring knowledge). Five steps: 1. define a question to investigate 2. make predictions 3. gather data 4. analyze data 5. draw conclusions

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-Nicolaus Copernicus - born: 1473, Poland

Discovered the heliocentric theory, the theory that the sun is at the center of the universe

Determined that the Earth rotates daily on its axis

-Francis Bacon - born: 1561, Strand

Developed the Scientific Method/Bacon where scientists experimented on nature and tested their hypotheses

Bacon's theory of empiricism was based on experimenting theories by careful observations of events in nature without human interference

-Galileo Galilei - born: 1564, Italy

Invented a new telescope and was the first to use it to make observations on planetary motions which strengthened the idea that planets orbited around the sun

Discovered the concept of inertia which is the concept that an object in a state of motion continues to stay in motion until a force acts upon it

-Johannes Kepler - born: 1571, Germany

Invented the 3 laws of planetary motion:

1st law stated that planets move in elliptical(shape of an ellipse/oval shape) paths around the sun

2nd law stated that the speed of a planet's obit is relatively faster when they are closer to the sun

3rd law stated that the period of a planet to orbit the sun increases rapidly with the radius of its orbit

Discovered through the laws of light refraction that the path of light through the eyes show an inverted image that is formed on the retina

-William Harvey - born: 1578, United Kingdom

Stated a theory about the heart and blood circulation where the blood circulates repeatedly throughout the body

Proved that the valves in veins allow blood to flow in one direction to the heart

-Rene Descartes - born: 1596, France

Invented analytic geometry which is the use of algebraic equations to describe geometric shapes (made it possible to solve geometrical problems using algebra)

Formed Skepticism, the concept that you doubt any idea in order to obtain a firm foundation for true knowledge

-Margaret Cavendish - born: 1623, United Kingdom

Helped popularize important ideas of the scientific revolution

Published under her own name 14 scientific/quasi-scientific books and other literary works

-Robert Boyle - 1627, Ireland

Demonstrated that matter is made out of tiny particles called corpuscles(now called atoms) and invented the vacuum pump which functioned like a vacuum so it could be used for experimentation

Boyle's law stated that the pressure and volume in gas have an inverse relationship between them at any given temperature meaning that when the pressure increases, the volume increases and vice versa

-Isaac Newton - born: 1643, United Kingdom

Creation of the 3 laws of motion that led to the concept of modern physics and universal laws of gravity

1st law- an object's motion is unchanged unless a force is acted upon it

2nd law- force on an object is equal to its mass multiplied by its height

3rd law- when objects interact, their forces are applied on each other are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction

Invented the reflecting telescope by using mirrors instead of lenses for the telescope which helped magnify the focus

-Caroline Herschel - born: 1750, Germany

First women to discover a comet

Built a 12 meter long telescope and detected 3 nebulae(gas clouds)

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Nicolaus Copernicus, February 19, 1473, Poland

Nicolaus Copernicus discovered the theory that the sun was near the center of the universe and that Earth spun on its axis once a day, and revolves around the sun once a year.

Nicolaus Copernicus published a book called “De Revolutionibus Oribium Coelestium” in 1543.

Johannes Kepler, December 27, 1571, Germany

Johannes Kepler discovered that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the sun.

Johannes Kepler formulated the three laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei, February 15,1564, Italy

Galileo Galilei discovered many things about the Earth’s moon, Jupiter’s moons, Venus and sunspots.

Galileo Galilei discovered the first pendulum clock.

Isaac Newton, January 4, 1643, United Kingdom

Isaac Newton discovered calculus

Isaac Newton discovered the three laws of motion.

William Harvey, April 1, 1578, United Kingdom

William Harvey discovered the function of the heart and how blood circulation worked.

William Harvey published a book called “De Motu Cordis” which helped people in the medical field.

Robert Boyle, January 25, 1627, Ireland

Robert Boyle discovered the inverse relationship between pressure and volume while they were in gas form.

Robert Boyle discovered oxygen.

Francis Bacon, January 22, 1561, United Kingdom

Francis Bacon discovered the Scientific Method

Francis Bacon published a book called “Novum Organum” in 1620.

Rene Descartes, March 31, 1596, France

Rene Descartes published a book called “Discourse on the Method” in 1637 which helped the development of natural sciences.

Rene Descartes discovered analytic geometry in 1619.

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

Margaret Cavendish published a book called “The Blazing World”.

Margaret Cavendish did lots of research about atmospheric air, properties of different gases, synthesis of water, laws of electrical attraction and repulsion, mechanical theory of heat, and calculations of density.

Caroline Herschel, March 16, 1750, Germany

Caroline Herschel was the first person to ever discover a comet.

Caroline Herschel had the comet that she discovered, get named after her

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

Proposed the idea that planets orbit around the sun.

The Earth turns once daily on its own axis.

Francis Bacon, 1561, Strand

Empiricism, the idea that knowledge comes from the senses.

The Scientific Method, the basic process involves making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction, conducting an experiment, and finally analyzing the results.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

He improved the telescope and was the first to use it systematically to observe celestial objects and record his discoveries.

He discovered the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Planets orbit the sun in ellipses, not in circles which is Kepler’s First Law.

Planets move proportionally faster when they are near to the sun, Kepler’s Third Law.

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

Discovered the correct circulation of blood in the human body.

The function of the heart.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Invented analytical geometry, a method of solving geometric problems algebraically and algebraic problems geometrically.

He also devised a universal method of deductive reasoning, based on mathematics, that is applicable to all the sciences.

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

Boyle’s Law, which described the relationship between pressure and the volume of a gas.

Discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa.

Isaac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

He discovered the laws of gravity. In the first law, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it. In the second law, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration. In the third law, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Invented Calculus.

Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

She was the first woman to discover a comet.

She helped her brother, William Herschel, discover Uranus.

Mary Somerville, 1780, United Kingdom

She played a vital role in discovering the planet Neptune.

She became the first female member of the Royal Astronomical Society.

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

Spread the heliocentric idea which is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe and the Earth revolves around it.

Published a book called, "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium," which spread the heliocentric idea even farther.

Francis Bacon, 1561, England

Created the scientific method which is the procedure in which scientists perform experiments. This procedure is observation, research, hypothesis, test with experiment, analyze data, and report conclusions.

Contributed to natural philosophy by stating that when we understand parts of nature we begin to understand nature better as a whole due to induction.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Pisa

Discovered the law of free fall which is when there is no air resistance all objects fall at the same rate regardless of mass.

Discovered the concept of inertia objects in motion remain in motion and objects without motion remain without motion until acted upon by an unbalanced force.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Developed the first powerful telescope and the field of optics which is a type of physics which studies light and infrared radiation (electromagnetic radiation)

Discovered Kelpers laws (the 3 laws which govern planetary motion). These laws are  (1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit (its semi-major axis).

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

Correctly described blood’s circulation in the body by demonstrating that arteries and veins form a full circuit which starts and  connects back to the heart.

Was declared the best physician in London because of his contributions to advancements and discoveries in medicine and blood flow.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Invented geometry which is a type of math which studies shapes, sizes, angles, and dimensions of different objects.

Introduced the idea that skepticism, which is to judge how valid a claim is based on qualitative evidence, is an important part of the scientific method

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

Invented the vacuum pump which is made with a pressure drop that pulls things into the nozzle and forces the things out of the other side of the machine.

Discovered that air was necessary for burning due to the fact that combustion can not occur without the necessary supply of oxygen.

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, England

Helped in popularizing important ideas and discoveries in the scientific revolution by publishing 14 quasi - scientific books.

Published over 12 books under her name such as The Blazing World, Sociable Letters, The Worlds Olio, and Grounds of Natural Philosophy.

Isaac Newton, 1643, England

Formulated law of motion and gravitation, math formulas which explain how things move when acted upon by a force. The formula is F = G(m1m2)/R2.

Published his most famous book, Principa, which is about how  time, force, and motion have led to the development of modern physical science.

Mary Somerville, 1780, Scotland

Became the first female member of the Royal Astronomical Society, a society and charity which supports the learning of astronomy, solar system science, and geophysics.

Was one of the few women's writers in her time and wrote about science and polymath. Some of her books include Mechanism of the Heavens and On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences.

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1473, Nicholas Copernicus - Poland

Derived the heliocentric theory, a theory proposing that the sun is the center of orbit and all planets cycle around it

Discovered Earth's daily rotation on a specific cyclical motion, creating the differing perceptions of stars from different places at different times on Earth

1561, Francis Bacon - England

Created the Scientific Method, a way of thinking and innovative process based on theory, research, observation, and failure.

Rooted a Philosophy of Science, a way of thinking that insists on empirical knowledge in contrast to the undisputed intellectual authority of the Church at the time

1564, Galileo Galilei - Italy

Used a modified Dutch telescope design to make a telescope with the ability to see Jupiter's moons

He conducted research on pendulums, understanding that its amplitude, the size of the swing, did not lengthen its period, the time it takes to complete a swing

1571, Johannes Kepler - Germany

Kepler's First Law: Planets move in elliptical (oval-shaped) orbits around the sun

Kepler's Second Law: Planets move faster when in proximity to the sun because of the momentum and inward pull of gravity

1578, William Harvey - United Kingdom

Created accurate depictions of the human circulatory system, including blood, veins, arteries, and the heart

Disproved the theories made by Galen, an ancient scientist who believed the liver was the center of blood circulation

1596, Rene Descartes - France

Revolutionized analytical geometry, a new way to link the theoretical mathematics of algebra and the intricate configurations of geometry by placing algebraic formulas in geometric designs

Introduced skepticism to Bacon's scientific method, giving science its new philosophy of "wrong until proven right," and constant experimentation and fact-checking

1627, Robert Boyle - Ireland

Created the modern diagram for combustion (burning) and its requirements for air and oxygen as a fuel

Made early discoveries of the atomic theory, claiming that everything was comprised of tinier particles

1643, Isaac Newton - United Kingdom

Cemented a Law of Gravity, the idea that all objects will naturally move towards objects with a larger mass

Conducted experiments in optics and light that eventually led to the discovery of the light spectrum, light's composition of different colors in different frequencies

1706, Emilie du Chatelet - France

Theorized the different levels of thermal energy in different colors of light, suggesting infrared (light made by heat) as a plausible existence

She used physical experimentation to derive that velocity affects force exponentially (stronger by a larger difference at each measurement) rather than linearly (equally distant between one measurement to the next.

1780, Mary Somerville - United Kingdom

She wrote summaries of recent astronomical developments in such a way that the common everyday person could be updated in the status of science

Her notice and spotlight of irregularities in the orbital position of Uranus inferred the existence of another celestial body, ultimately leading to the discovery of Neptune

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Poland, Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473

suggested a system that is heliocentric, meaning that planets orbit the Sun.

In addition to its annual orbit around the Sun, Earth is a planet that rotates on its own axis every day. The equinoxes, which occur when the sun's axis is not inclined and day and night are of equal length, are caused by very gradual, long-term variations in this axis' direction.

Francis Bacon, England, 1561

an engineer who created the first effective hydrogeen-oxygen fuel cells, which use electrochemical processes to directly convert fuel and air into energy.

Bacon successfully demonstrated a powerful fuel cell.

Italy, 1564: Galileo Galilei

formulating the law of falling bodies, parabolic trajectories, and inertia --> a fundamental shift in the understanding of motion

The Copernican heliocentric paradigm was accepted after telescope discoveries transformed astronomy.

Johannes Kepler Germany 1571

found the three primary planetary motion laws. The eccentric orbits of planets around the sun "Area law" is the the "law of harmony" offered a fresh perspective on how vision happens.

William Harvey, 1578, England

physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body

providing evidence and experiments regarding the function of the heart

Rene Descartes, France, 1596

created the mathematical field of geometry, which examines the measurements, angles, sizes, and forms of various objects.

first proposed the notion that a crucial component of the scientific process is skepticism, which is the ability to assess a claim's validity based on qualitative data.

Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1627

created the vacuum pump, which propels material out of the machine's opposite side and draws it into the nozzle thanks to a pressure decrease in the construction.

realized that since combustion requires an oxygen supply in order to take place, air was required for burning.

In 1643, England, Isaac Newton

discovered the structure of white light and introduced the phenomenon of colors into the study of light, laying the groundwork for modern physical optics. He also discovered the three laws of motion, which are the fundamental principles of modern physics. These laws state that an object will not move unless a force is applied to it. The force applied to an object is the same as its mass multiplied by its acceleration. When two objects move together, they apply forces of the same magnitude and opposite direction to each other.

Mary Somerville,1780, UK

Somerville’s book, Physical Geography, was the first textbook on the subject in English and her most popular work.

wrote that difficulties in calculating the position of Uranus may point to the existence of an undiscovered planet. This hint led to Neptune being discovered

Caroline Herschel:

March 16, 1750 Germany

She built a 12-metre-long reflector, the largest telescope of the day. Was the very first woman ever to discover a comet.

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

proposed a heliocentric system (planets orbit around the Sun)

Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns daily on its own axis; very slow long-term changes in the direction of this axis account for the equinoxes (when the sun's axis is not tilted, so night & day are the same length)

Francis Bacon, 1561, England

engineer who developed the first practical hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells, (convert air and fuel directly into electricity through electrochemical processes)

Bacon demonstrated a successful six-kilowatt fuel cell

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

formulation of inertia, the law of falling bodies, and parabolic trajectories -->fundamental change in the study of motion

discoveries with the telescope revolutionized astronomy--> acceptance of the Copernican heliocentric system

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

discovered three major laws of planetary motion

planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun

the “area law”

the “harmonic law”

provided a new and correct account of how vision occurs

William Harvey, 1578, England

physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body

providing evidence and experiments regarding the function of the heart

Rene Descartes, 1596, Kingdom of France

formulated the first modern version of mind-body dualism (the metaphysical stance that mind and body are two distinct substances)

Applying an original system of methodical doubt, he dismissed apparent knowledge derived from authority, the senses, and reason and erected new foundations on the basis of the intuition that, when he is thinking, he exists; he expressed “I think, therefore I am”

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

known as a natural philosopher, particularly in the field of chemistry, but his scientific work covered many areas including hydrostatics, physics, medicine, earth sciences, natural history, and alchemy

theological tracts on biblical language, the limits of reason, and the role of the natural philosopher as a Christian

sponsored the translation of the Scriptures into several languages

helped found the Royal Society of London

Isaac Newton, 1643, England

optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colors into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics

three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics

An object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it

The force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration

when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction

Emilie du Châtelet, 1706, Kingdom of France

believed that good science needs metaphysical foundations

concepts of energy and energy conservation

Mary Somerville,1780, Scotland

Somerville’s book, Physical Geography, was the first textbook on the subject in English and her most popular work.

wrote that difficulties in calculating the position of Uranus may point to the existence of an undiscovered planet. This hint inspired British astronomer John Couch Adams to begin the calculations that ultimately led to the discovery of Neptune.

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Nicolaus Copernicus was born February 19, 1473, in Torun, Poland.

He discovered that our universe was heliocentric, which was the theory that the planets revolve around the sun.

The earth spun daily around its axis.

Francis Bacon, born January 22, 1561, York House, Strand

Bacon played an indirect role in the contribution to plate tectonic theory and solid Earth geophysics but was influential to all in the scientific community.

bacon method; description of the requirements for making the careful, systematic observations necessary to produce quality facts.

Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564, in Pisa, Italy

His overall use of a telescope to explore our solar system.

there are craters and mountains on the moon and it is not entirely flat.

He discovered that Jupiter has four moons.

Johannes Kepler was born on December 27, 1571, in Weil der Stadt, Wurttemberg, in Germany.

Kepler invented the first powerful telescope, as well as the field of optics. he used this to study the planets and how they orbit.

Discovered the three laws of planetary motion; (1) planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun as a focus, (2) a planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time no matter where it is in its orbit, and (3) a planet's orbital period is proportional to the size of its orbit

William Harvey was born on April 1, 1578, in Folkestone, United Kingdom.

he was the first person to describe blood circulation in the body correctly.

He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts at the heart and leads back to the heart.

Rene Descartes was born March 31, 1596, in Descartes, France

use of algebraic formulas to describe geometric figures, which formed a branch of mathematics known as analytical geometry.

developed rules for deductive reasoning, a system for using letters as mathematical variables

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

He is best known for Boyle's law, which describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas

he was granted the Fellowship of the Royal Society, which is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made a "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science, and medical science".

Isaac Newton was born on January 4, 1643, in Woolsthorpe Manor House, United Kingdom.

he was the creator of a universal law of gravitation and his laws of motion.

He understood what white light was and that it reflects all other colors which is why it shows up to the human eye as white.

Caroline Hershel was born March 16, 1750, in Hanover Germany

By 1783 she had detected three new nebulae (gas clouds) in space

The first woman to discover a comet

Sophie Germain was born on April 1, 1776, in Rue Saint-Denis, Paris, France

Made significant contributions to Number theory, which is the study of the integers (e.g. whole numbers) and related objects. Topics studied by number theorists include the problem of determining the distribution of prime numbers within the integers and the structure and number of solutions of systems of polynomial equations with integer coefficients.

Sophie Germain's most notable work included the discovery of Sophie Germain primes; a prime number is a Sophie Germain prime if 2p +1 is also prime.

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Nicolaus Copernicus-1473-Poland

Came up with the heliocentric model of the solar system

Heliocentric means that the planets in the solar system revolve around the sun instead of the other way around

Developed a way to calculate planetary motion

Francis Bacon-1561-England

Indirectly contributed to plate tectonic theory

He thought the Western hemisphere was connected to Eurasia

Galileo Galilei-1564-Italy

Johannes Kepler-1571-Germany

William Harvey-1578-UK

Rene Descartes-1596-France

Isaac Newton-1643-UK

Robert Boyle-1627-Ireland

Emilie du Châtelet-1706-France

Caroline Herschel-1750-Germany

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

The heliocentric system, the theory that the Sun is at rest in the center of the universe and the Earth orbits around it

Made the suggestion that the Earth rotates on its axis, explained the daily cycle of the Sun and stars

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

Discovered the Sun’s sunspots, the four great moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn

Discovered the concept of inertia, a property of matter by which it continues in its existing state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line, unless that state is changed by an external force

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

The three laws of planetary motion, planets move in elliptical paths around the Sun, planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the Sun, explained the relationship between the distance of a planet from the Sun and the amount of time it took to orbit the Sun

Invented the first powerful telescope to observe the night sky

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

The correct description of blood’s circulation through the body, showing that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts at the heart and leads back to the heart

The nature of the heartbeat, its active phase of when the muscles contract

Rene Descartes, 1596, Frace

Analytical geometry, the study of geometry using a coordinate system

Introduction of skepticism to the scientific method

Margret Lucus Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

Authoring and publishing extensively under her own name during the 17th century, a time of great political upheaval

Wrote works that populated the idea of the scientific revolution, including ideas of natural philosophy, atomism

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

The theory that all matter is composed of tiny corpuscles, what we now call atoms

The vacuum pump

Isaac Newton, 1643, UK

Discovered the mathematics calculus

3 laws of motion, an object will not change its motion unless a force acts on it, the force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration, when two objects interact, they apply forces to each other of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Emilie du Châtelet, 1706, France

The translation and commentary of Issac Newton’s work, Principia Mathematica

Authored the original text of natural philosophy

Francis Bacon, 1909, Ireland

The plate tectonic theory, the scientific theory that explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements

The scientific method, the method of acquiring knowledge, it is made up of at least five steps, define a question to investigate, make predictions, gather data, analyze data, draw conclusions

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Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

Scientist Name, Birth year, Location

2 Accomplishments

# data[].attributes.body
Scientists name, birth year, location

2 accomplishment

Nicolaus Copernicus:

Born: Feburary 19, 1473

From: Poland

2 accomplishments: heliocentric system which is the idea that the sun is the center of our solar system. He also discovered the idea of the Earth rotating on an axis once daily revolving around the sun.

Francis Bacon:

Born: January 22, 1561

From: Strand

2 accomplishments: “father” or empiricism which is the idea that knowledge comes from the sense and is observed in nature and obtained through reasoning. Creation of the Bacon method which is a step-by-step process to test a hypothesis.

Galileo Galilei:

Born: February 15, 1564

From: Italy

2 accomplishments: identified mountains on the moons of Jupiter, and the rings of Saturn. He discovered the laws of free fall, projectile motion which is the motion of when something is benign thrown.

Johannes Kepler:

Born: December 27, 1571

From: Germany

2 accomplishments: Invented the first powerful telescope. Discovered optics which is the study of sight.

Rene Descartes:

Born: March 31, 1596

From: France

2 accomplishments: Invented analytic geometry which is the invention of geometry on a coordinate plane. He was also able to explain the rainbow in meteor

Robert Boyle:

Born: January 25, 1627

From: Ireland

2 accomplishments: Discovered that air was necessary for a fire to burn. He also invented the vacuum pump which removed air from a glass chamber, this led to many experiments and new discoveries.

Isaac Newton:

Born: December 25, 1642

From: England

2 accomplishments: He invented calculus. Newton discovered/created the laws of gravity which stated how there is a gravitational pull between an object and the Earth.

Emilie du Châtelet:

Born: December 17, 1706

From: France

2 accomplishments: translation and commentary on Isaac Newton's. She expanded general knowledge on energy and energy conservation.

Caroline Herschel:

Born: March 16, 1750

From: Germany

2 accomplishments: She built a 12-metre-long reflector, the largest telescope of the day. Was the very first woman ever to discover a comet.

William Harvey:

Born: April 1, 1878

From: United Kingdom

2 accomplishments: Recognition and discovery that the blood flows rapidly around the human body. He also studied heartbeats.

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scientists name, birth year, location

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

Discovered the heliocentric theory that was about the Sun being the middle of the universe, not the Earth.

His first Manuscript, “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” was when he established that the Earth circled the sun.

Francis Bacon, 1561, England

His book Novum Organum had outlined a more scientific approach to understand the natural world.

He had contributed to the scientific revolution by devising a method where people would try to prove their hypothesis wrong by doing experiments.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

He was the first to report Jupiter’s moons and Saturn's rings.

He also discovered the law of free fall,projectile motion and inertia.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Used simple mathematics to create 3 laws of planetary motion.

He provided a new and accurate account on how vision worked.

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

Was the first person to correctly describe blood circulation in the body.

His book, De motu cordis et sanguinis, helped explain that the heart fills and contracts, and when it contracts the heart expels blood.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Is credited with the development of Cartesian dualism(mind-body dualism), which is the argument that the mind and body are 2 different things and they work and interact with each other.

He is also the father of analytical geometry since he had developed rules for deductive reasoning and a system for using letters as mathematical variables.

Margaret Lucas Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom

Helped popularize the scientific revolution by some important ideas , including vitalistic and mechanistic natural philosophies and atomism.

Was one of the most wealthy female authors and natural philosophers of the 17th centuries, which was a time of immense political uproar and published her works under her name.

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

He  had made an early form of the atomic theory, which was that all matter was made of tiny corpuscles, which is what we call atoms.

Had made a law that stated that the volume and the pressure of gas are proportionally related.(The volume of gas decreases with pressure increasing and vice versa).

Isaac Newton, 1643, United kingdom

He had formulated the formulas for the 3 laws of motion

(A force cannot move or change unless another force acts upon it.

For every reaction there is an opposite reaction.

The heavier the object, more force is required.)

He had also discovered the nature of white light and the color spectrum.

Sophie Germain, 1776, France

Is best known for her work in number theory and her most significant contribution to number theory dealt with Fermat’s Last Theorem

She tried to generalize the work of Euler(the nature of prime distribution) on the elasticity of bars to extend it to 2 dimensions.

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Nicolaus Copernicus - Date of Birth : February 19, 1473 from the kingdom of Poland

The idea that Earth was a planet similar to Venus or Saturn

All the planets circled around the sun (heliocentric)

Francis Bacon - Date of Birth : January 22, 1561 from the United Kingdom

Philosophy of science

Earth geophysics - study of earth’s natural processes

Galileo Galilei - Date of Birth : February 15, 1564 from Italy

The moon had mountains just like the Earth

The idea of a projectile’s motion and predicting its trajectory

Johannes Kepler - Date of Birth : December 27, 1571 from Germany

Planets move faster when they are closer to the sun, meaning that their years are shorter

Discovery of polyhedrons which are solid figures with usually more than 6 sides

William Harvey - Date of Birth : April 1, 1578 from the United Kingdom

The idea that blood flows rapidly throughout the human body

Blood flows to the direction of the heart

Rene Descartes - March 31, 1596 from France

Development of Analytical Geometry

Discovery of the reflection and refraction (when light is redirected) of light

Margaret Cavendish - 1623 from the United Kingdom

Discovery of hydrogen

Experiments to find out the density of the Earth

Robert Boyle - Date of Birth : January 25, 1627 from Ireland

Pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse relationship

Discovery of oxygen

Isaac Newton - Date of Birth : January 4, 1643 from the United Kingdom

The invention of the reflecting telescope

The discovery of the color spectrum

Emilie du Châtelet - December 17, 1706 from France

Conservation of energy

Commentary on Newton’s ideas by dropping a ball that hit clay to show a proportion of mass velocity^2 which was different from Newton’s mass velocity.

# data[].attributes.body
scientist name birth year, location

2 accomplishments

Nicolaus Copernicus - Feb 19, 1473 - Toruń, Poland

Proposed the planets orbit around the sun

The earth daily spins on its axis and orbits the sun annually.

Johannes Kepler - Dec 27, 1571 - Weil der Stadt, Germany

: known for his three laws of planetary motion, discovered new semi regular polyhedrons.

Galileo Galilei - Feb 15, 1564 - Pisa, Italy

: made major contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, discovered the 4 largest moons of jupiter.

Isaac Newton - Jan 4, 1643 - Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England

: developed the 3 laws of motion, discovered calculus.

Marie Paulze Lavoisier - Jan 20, 1758 - Montbrison, France

Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze was a significant contributor to the understanding of chemistry.

Known as the mother of chemistry

William Harvey - April 1, 1578 in Folkestone, Kent, England.

: English physician who made contributions in Anatomy and physiology, first person to correctly describe blood circulation.

Robert Boyle - January 25, 1627 in Lismore castle, County Waterford, Ireland.

: he discovered volume of gas decreases with increase pressure, largely regarded as first modern chemist

Francis Bacon - January 22 1561 in London

: philosopher of science and argued observation is needed for scientific knowledge and reasoning, he also served attorney general and lord chancellor

Rene Descartes - March 31, 1596 La Haye, Touraine, France

: invented analytic geometry, french philosopher, scientist, and mathematician.

Sophie Germain - April 1, 1776 in Paris.

: first women too manage great studies in mathematics without any previous teachings., made theorem for proving fermat's last theorem.

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

Proposed that planets orbit around the Sun and not Earth.

Proposed that daily, the earth spins on its axis and annually, orbits the sun.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Known for his three laws of planetary motion.

Discovered new semi-regular polyhedrons.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

Made major contributions to the sciences of motion.

Discovered the 4 largest moons of Jupiter.

Isaac Newton, 1643, England

Developed the 3 laws of motion.

Discovered calculus.

William Harvey, 1578, England

English physician who made contributions to anatomy and physiology.

The first person to correctly describe blood circulation.

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

He discovered volume of gas decreases with increased pressure.

Largely regarded as the first modern chemist.

Francis Bacon, 1561, London

Was a philosopher of science who argued observation is needed for scientific knowledge and reasoning.

He also served as an attorney general and a lord chancellor.

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Invented analytic geometry.

Was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician.

Marie Paulze Lavoisier, 1758, France

Marie Anne Pierrette Paulze was a significant contributor to the understanding of chemistry.

Sophie Germain, 1776, France

Was the first woman to manage great studies in mathematics without any previous teachings.

Made a theorem for proving Fermat's last theorem.

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus

Johannes Kepler

Galileo Galilei

Isaac Newton

William Harvey

Robert Boyle

Francis Bacon

Rene Descartes

# data[].attributes.body
Scientist name, birth year, location

2 accomplishments

# data[].attributes.body
Nicolaus Copernicus- Born on February 19, 1473 Torun, Poland

Discovered that our planet revolves around the sun.It was called heliocentric system.

He also stated that the earth turns once every day, and that is why there is night and day.

Johannes Kepler- Born on December 27, 1571  Weil der Stadt, Germany.

Invented the three laws of of planetary motion.

Also invented the first powerful telescope, by using .optics

Galileo Galilei- Born on February  15, 1564  Pisa, Italy

He was the first one to make ltelescopic observations such as moons of jupiter, and the rings of saturn.

He also discovered how things fall faster because of their larger mass.

Isaac Newton- Born on January 4, 1643 Lincolnshire, England

He discovered things about visible light, and the laws of motion.

Created the math calculus.

William Harvey- Born on April 1, 1578, born in Folkstone, United Kingdom.

Discovered about blood flow, and how the heart pumps the blood.

Discovered blood circulation throughout the body.

Robert Boyle- Born on January 25, 1627, born in Lismore, Ireland.

Discovered that gas increases with a high pressure.

Was first modern chemist learned about gases.

Francis Bacon- Born on January 22, 1561, born in York House, London, England

He had a more depth learning in science

Tought people to experiment their hypothises.

Rene Descartes- Born on March 31, 1596, La Haye, Touraine, France

Created a form of geometry

Was a mathmatician from france.

Caroline Herschel-born March 16, 1759, Hanover germany

Built the largest telescope of its day

Was the first woman to discover a comet.

Sophie Germain-born April 1, 1776, Paris, France

Created the fermat's last therom

Nicknamed the princess of mathematics

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Nicolaus Copernicus- Feburary 9th, 1473, Toruń, Poland

discovered the Sun is center of the universe

Earth spins on its axis once a day and revolves around the Sun in a year

Francis Bacon- 1561, England

created scientific method

contributed to plate tectonic theories and the study of Earth and environments

Galileo Galilei- February 15, 1564, Pisa, Italy

discovered Saturn rings

discovered 4 moons around Jupiter

Johannes Kepler- December 27, 1571, Germany

discovered planets move faster in orbits when closer to the Sun

planets go in elliptical paths around the Sun

William Harvey- 1578, United Kingdom

discovered function of the heart- advanced the medical field

showed and proved veins take blood in one direction from the heart, and therefore the blood circulates around the body and goes back to the heart

Rene Descartes-1596, France

invented analytical geometry(used later to discover calculus)

explained rainbow

Robert Boyle- 1627, Ireland

discovered gas decreases with an increase of pressure

discovered the relationship between pressure and volume in a gas (Boyle's Law)

influenced many other scientists later

Isaac Newton- January 4, 1643, United Kingdom

invented calculus

worked with forces, gravity and laws of motion (Newton's laws of motion)

Caroline Herschel- 1750, Germnay

first woman to discover a comet

also discovered three nebulae

Sophie Germain- 1776, France

discovered number theory

developed complex math (she proved that if the auxiliary prime (2Np + 1) exists and is not consecutive, then p is not a pth power of modulo θ. This all has to do with a solution to the Fermat)

# data[].attributes.body
ations of the mountains on the moon, the moons of Jupiter, the phases of Venus, and the rings of Saturn.

He invented an early microscope and telescope

Isaac Newton - 1643, United Kingdom

Discovered the laws of Gravity

responsible for working out many of the principles of visible light and the laws of motion, and contributing to calculus

William Harvey - 1578, United Kingdom

the first person to correctly describe blood's circulation in the body. He showed that arteries and veins form a complete circuit that starts at the heart and leads back to the heart

He wrote the book De Motu Cordis which studied the movment of the heart

Robert Boyle - 1691, Ireland

discovered that the volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

He was the first to perform experiments under controlled conditions and publish his researches with elaborate details of procedure, apparatus and observations

Francis Bacon - 1626, Strand

Bacon has been called the father of empiricism, which is the idea that knowledge comes from the senses. Francis Bacon's theory was that scientific knowledge must come from the careful observation of nature filtered through inductive reasoning

Sir Francis Bacon published in his work, Meditationes Sacrae (1597), which contained the famous quote: "knowledge itself is power",

Rene Descartes - 1596, France

He invented analytic geometry, a method of solving geometric problems algebraically and algebraic problems geometrically

he was considered to be a top mathematician, the developer of a new and comprehensive physics or theory of nature (including living things), and the proposer of a new metaphysics

Emilie du Châtelet - 1706,

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Robert Boyle, born January 25 1627 in Lismore, Ireland

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Robert Boyle, born January 25 1627 in Lismore, Ireland

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Discovered and created Boyle's Law which states that pressure released by a gas is exactly opposite of the volume it occupies, as long as the temperature and quantity of the gas is kept constant.

To perform his precise and accurate experiments, he designed and improved the vacuum pump to be able to create and sustain a more reliable vacuum which was crucial in his work.

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1. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) - Poland Accomplishments:

a. Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, suggesting that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun.

b. Published "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium," a groundbreaking work that challenged the geocentric view and laid the foundation for modern astronomy.

2. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) - Holy Roman Empire (now Germany) Accomplishments:

a. Formulated Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion, which described the elliptical orbits of planets and their relationships with the Sun.

b. Contributed to the development of celestial mechanics and improved our understanding of planetary motion.

3. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) - Italy Accomplishments:

a. Built the first astronomical telescope, which he used to make numerous astronomical observations, such as the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter.

b. Supported the heliocentric model through his observations and experiments, which led to the spread of Copernican ideas.

4. William Harvey (1578-1657) - England Accomplishments:

a. Described the circulation of blood in the human body, publishing "De Motu Cordis," which laid the foundation for modern physiology and medicine.

b. Contributed to the rejection of older ideas about the circulatory system and the understanding of how the heart works.

5. Robert Boyle (1627-1691) - Ireland (part of the Kingdom of England) Accomplishments:

a. Known for Boyle's Law, which describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas.

b. Contributed to the development of the scientific method and experimental techniques, advancing the field of chemistry.

6. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - England Accomplishments:

a. Promoted the scientific method and empiricism as the foundation for scientific inquiry.

b. Authored works like "Novum Organum," which emphasized the importance of systematic observation and experimentation in science.

7. René Descartes (1596-1650) - France Accomplishments:

a. Known for Cartesian geometry, which integrated algebra and geometry and laid the foundation for modern analytical geometry.

b. Promoted skepticism and critical thinking, contributing to the development of modern philosophy and scientific thought.

8. Emilie du Châtelet (1706-1749) - France Accomplishments:

a. Translated and annotated Isaac Newton's "Principia Mathematica" into French, making his work more accessible to the French scientific community.

b. Conducted research in mathematics and physics, including studies of energy and the conservation of momentum.

9. Caroline Herschel (1750-1848) - Kingdom of Hanover (now Germany) Accomplishments:

a. Discovered several comets and nebulae and became the first woman to be awarded a Gold Medal from the Royal Astronomical Society.

b. Assisted her brother William Herschel in his astronomical work and made significant contributions to the field of astronomy.

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Nicolaus Copernicus(1473,Poland)

Discovered that the Sun was the center of the solar system vs the Earth.

Created a system for predicting planetary movements

Francis Bacon(1561, England)

Developed and created Scientific Method that ended up being used and taught around the world to this day.

Contributed to the discovery of plate tectonics and Earth Geophysics.

Galileo Galilei(1564,Italy)

Called the father of observational astronomy and different aspects of modern science

Developed heliocentrism along with other astronomers

Johannes Kepler(1571, Holy Roman Empire)

Created laws for planetary motion

Improved Galileo’s telescope designs

William Harvey(1578,UK)

Physician who contributed to the study of anatomy and physiology

Appointed to Physician Extraordinary to the King for his work and skill

Rene Descartes(1596,France)

Invented analytical geometry which uses a mechanism of coordinates in geometry

Credited for increasing the popularity of Epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with knowledge

Robert Boyle(1627,Ireland)

Created Boyle’s Law which states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional

Contributed to the development of the scientific method

Isaac Newton(1643, England)

Newton developed theories and laws of physics which led to modern day science and discoveries.

He discovered and described the concept of gravity and its effect on objects all around.

Caroline Herschel(1750,Germany)

Detected 3 new nebulae by telescope in 1783

Became the first women to detect a comet

Marie Paulze Lavoisier(1758,France)

Used language skills to communicate scientific ideas to an international audience

Important in the standardization of the scientific method

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Nicolaus Copernicus-1473-Poland

Came up with the heliocentric model of the solar system

Heliocentric means that the planets in the solar system revolve around the sun instead of the other way around

Developed a way to calculate planetary motion

Francis Bacon-1561-England

Indirectly contributed to plate tectonic theory

He thought the Western hemisphere was connected to Eurasia

Created Scientific Method also known as Bacon Method

A method for scientific investigation

Galileo Galilei-1564-Italy

Invented improved telescope

Able to help him in seeing moons of Jupiter, rings of Saturn, etc

Spoke out about the Copernican theory

He talked about the Copernican theory and was excommunicated by the Church

Johannes Kepler-1571-Germany

Formulated 3 laws of planetary motion

First law: planets move in an elliptical path around the sun

Second law: planets move faster when closer to the Sun

Third law: explained relationship between distance of a planet from the Sun and the time it took to orbit the Sun

Documented the last supernova observed in the Milky Way

He documented it in his book De Stella Nova

William Harvey-1578-UK

First to correctly describe blood circulation in the body

Arteries and veins form a circuit

Studied reproduction

Studied oviparous reproduction and embryonic reproduction

Rene Descartes-1596-France

Invented analytic geometry

This liked algebra and geometry

Introduced skepticism to the Scientific Method

Isaac Newton-1643-UK

Inveted reflecting telescope

Improved refracting telescope by eleminating color fringes and magnified more

Discovered calculus

Calculus helped him solve problems that geometry couldn't

Robert Boyle-1627-Ireland

Discovered relationship between pressure and volume in a gas

Called Boyle's law

Contributed to developement of atomic theory

Demonstrated that matter is made of tiny particles

Emilie du Châtelet-1706-France

Translated many of Newton's books

Translated to French

Wrote her own book on physics

Engaged with physics ideas from her time

Caroline Herschel-1750-Germany

World's first professional female astronomer

Acknowledged by King

Cataloged many stars, star clusters, and nebulae

Won a gold medal from Astronomical Society

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

He put forth the theory that the sun is near the center of the Universe, and the Earth revolves annually around the sun.

He developed a system for calculating or predicting planetary motions.

Francis Bacon - Born January 22, 1561, Strand

“Sir” Francis Bacon was knighted by James I in 1603 being the first scientist to ever be granted knighthood.

His work set out the groundwork for the scientific method which was instituted in the 19th century with the Novum organum consisting of things like the interpretation of the natural word and the search for truth.

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

Galileo discovered the concept of interia which is a property of matter which remains at the state of rest or in uniform motion in the same straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

Galileo was also known for inventing an improved telescope.

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

He used math to formulate 3 laws of planetary motion.

He helped prove the heliocentric theory which states that the sun and the planets orbit a nucleus of helium, sun and planets orbit the Earth, and Earth and planets orbit around the sun.

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

William Harvey was the first person to describe blood circulation around the body.

William Harvey was also credited for discovering the heart in the human body.

Rene Descartes - March 31, 1596, France

His statement, “I think, therefore I am,” or in simpler terms meaning if he doubted, something or someone else must be doing the doubting, proving the existence of himself which became fundamental to western philosophy. This is because this layed out a solid foundation for knowledge in the face of revisionist doubt.

Margaret Cavendish Born in 1623, United kingdom

Was the first woman to be invited to the newly formed Royal society at the time.

In her lifetime wrote 20 volumes of plays, poems, essays, and satires. Within these she explored concepts of  atomism, materialism, and animal rights, as well as sprinkling in ideas on etiquette and gender.

Robert Boyle - January 25, 1627, Ireland

Created Boyle's law which states that the volume and pressure of a gas have an inverse relationship meaning that if pressure of a gas were to increase, the volume would decrease and vice versa, as long as the temperature is held constant.

With the help of his colleague Robert Hooke, he was able to improve on the already existing air pump creating and sustaining a vacuum and using it to perform many of his famous experiments.

With the help of Pierre de Fermat, they both independently invented analytic geometry, conversion of geometry into algebra, and vice versa. Meaning that  geometric problems could be solved algebraically and algebraic problems could be solved geometrically.

Isaac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

Newton was famous for formulating the laws of motion and gravity.

In 1705, Sir Isaac Newton was knighted by Queen Anne becoming the second scientist to be granted knighthood.

Sophie Germain - Born April first, 1776, France

Helped work on mathematics like number theory which is mathematics dedicated exclusively to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions, and elasticity theory, the relationship of forces applied to physical objects and the resulting deformities.

For being able to explain “the ”underlying mathematical law” of elasticity, she was awarded an award by the French Academy of Scientists. This introduced her into the ranks of the prominent mathematicians of the time leading to her becoming the first woman, who wasn’t a wife of a member, to attend the Academy of Sciences' sessions.

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Nicolaus Copernicus, February 19, 1473, Poland
Nicolaus Copernicus discovered the theory that the sun was near the center of the universe and that Earth spun on its axis once a day, and revolves around the sun once a year.
Nicolaus Copernicus published a book called “De Revolutionibus Oribium Coelestium” in 1543. 

Johannes Kepler, December 27, 1571, Germany
Johannes Kepler discovered that planets move proportionally faster in their orbits when they are closer to the sun.
Johannes Kepler formulated the three laws of planetary motion.

Galileo Galilei, February 15,1564, Italy
Galileo Galilei discovered many things about the Earth’s moon, Jupiter’s moons, Venus and sunspots. 
Galileo Galilei discovered the first pendulum clock.

Isaac Newton, January 4, 1643, United Kingdom
Isaac Newton discovered calculus
Isaac Newton discovered the three laws of motion.

William Harvey, April 1, 1578, United Kingdom
William Harvey discovered the function of the heart and how blood circulation worked.
 William Harvey published a book called “De Motu Cordis” which helped people in the medical field.

Robert Boyle, January 25, 1627, Ireland
Robert Boyle discovered the inverse relationship between pressure and volume while they were in gas form.
Robert Boyle discovered oxygen.

Francis Bacon, January 22, 1561, United Kingdom
Francis Bacon discovered the Scientific Method 
Francis Bacon published a book called “Novum Organum” in 1620.

Rene Descartes, March 31, 1596, France
Rene Descartes published a book called “Discourse on the Method” in 1637 which helped the development of natural sciences.
Rene Descartes discovered analytic geometry in 1619.

Margaret Cavendish, 1623, United Kingdom
Margaret Cavendish published a book called “The Blazing World”.
Margaret Cavendish did lots of research about atmospheric air, properties of different gases, synthesis of water, laws of electrical attraction and repulsion, mechanical theory of heat, and calculations of density.

Caroline Herschel, March 16, 1750, Germany
Caroline Herschel was the first person to ever discover a comet. 
Caroline Herschel had the comet that she discovered, get named after her

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Nicolaus Copernicus → 1473, Torun, Poland

→ He discovered that all the planets in our solar system revolve around the sun and that the earth spins on its axis not straight up.

Francis Bacon → 1561, Ireland
→ He created the scientific method. This consists of a question, research, a hypothesis, a test with an experiment, analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. He has also made many works devoted to the scientific method

→ He was the chancellor of England

Galileo Galilei → 1564, Italy

→ Heinvented the telescope

→ law of inertia that paved the way for isaac newton's classical mechanics

Johannes Kepler→ 1571, Germany

→ Found that planets move in elliptical paths around the sun

→ He also found that planets move faster when they were closer to the Sun

William Harvey → 1578, England

→ He was the first person to correctly describe how blood moves throughout your body

→wrote de motu cordis, a book on his findings in cardiology

Rene Descartes →1596, France

→ he invented analytic geometry where algebra and geometry go hand in hand

→ He introduced skepticism as a part of the scientific method

Margaret Cavendish → 1623, United Kingdom

→ She wrote many books on philosophy

→ added to the concept of atomism, matter is always infinite and further divisible

Robert Boyle → 1627, Ireland

→ He discovered boyle's law which states that the volume and pressure of gas are related

→ he wrote the skeptical chymist which documented his findings in chemistry

Isaac Newton → 1643, United Kingdom

→ He discovered the theory of white light, which was that light was composed of seven colors

→ He discovered the laws of gravity which were laws outlining the physic of the world

Emilie du Châtelet → 1706, France

→ She discovered concepts of energy conservation through experiments

→ She translated and wrote commentary on isaac newton's principia mathematica

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Nicolaus Copernicus, 1473, Poland

Came up with the theory that planets rotate around the sun in stead of the sun rotating around planets ( Heliocentric System)

Found a way to estimate planetary motions

Francis Bacon, 1561, England

Believed that the Western hemisphere was connected to Eurasia, this contributed to the plate tectonic theory

Created the Scientific Method/ Bacon method to help with scientific investigations

Galileo Galilei, 1564, Italy

Created an improved version of the telescope to see space better

The discovery motivated him to speak up about the Copernican theory

Was excommunicated

Johannes Kepler, 1571, Germany

Used math to formulate three laws of planetary motion

1) Planets move in an elliptical path around the sun

2) Planets move faster when closer to the sun

3) Explained the relationship between the distance of a planer from the sun and the time it took to orbit it

Was able to document the last supernova observed in the Milky Way

William Harvey, 1578, United Kingdom

Was the first person to correctly explain blood circulation in the body

Studied reproduction

Rene Descartes, 1596, France

Invented analytic geometry

Added skepticism to the Scientific Method

Issac Newton, 1643, United Kingdom

Invented the reflecting telescope

Discovered Calculus

A way to solve problems that couldn't be done with geometry

Robert Boyle, 1627, Ireland

Discovered the relationship between pressure and gas (Boyles Law)

Helped discover the atomic theory

Emily du Chatelet, 1706, France

Was able to translate many of Newton's books into French

Wrote a book on physics

Caroline Herschel, 1750, Germany

She was the world's first professional female astronomer

Calculated many stars, nebulae, and clusters