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Where animals respond and adapt to their environment through movement and stay visually "identical" to it's species. Plants adapt to their environment in their growth and will vary in density of branches among other features.

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Epidermis: outside layer for protection
Cortex: absorbs water from epidermis into vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Xylem: transportation water & nutrients from ground to stem and leaves
Phloem: transports food (sugars) made by photosynthesis to other places in plant that need it (so called 'sinks')
Cambium: provides non-specialized stem cells to encourage growth of plant
Pith: transports nutrients of plant and stores them

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A group of cells organized to perform one or more specific functions (NCI, n.d.).

Lie in close proximity

Continuous

Spatial orientation is different in different vascular plant organs - roots, stems and leaves.

Three tissue systems - dermal, vascular and ground.

An organ is a collection of several types of tissue that together perform a certain function.

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Vascular plant, with few exceptions, have and rely on both a root system and a shoot system.

Key message: interconnection and interdependence between root system and shoot system.
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A root is an organ that anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and stores carbohydrates and other reserves. The primary root is the first root from a germinating seed. Lateral roots originate from this root later on. Most root systems have a symbiotic interaction with soil fungi that increases the plant's ability to absorb minerals.
mycorrhizal

A taproot is a main root in taller plants who's main function is to anchors the plant(can also be specialised for food storage), absorption is then largely restricted to the lateral roots.

Smaller vascular plants are anchored by a fibrous root system. In such plants the primary root dies early on and does not become a taproot, but instead many small stems emerge (which can also create lateral roots). Plants such as grasses, are thus very good at preventing soil erosion with their mat of roots.

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Stems consist of alternating system of nodes, the point at which leaves are attached, and internodes, the stem segments between nodes. The most growth happens at the shoot tip or apical bud. An axillary bud, can potentially form a lateral branch or sometimes a thorn or flower.
A potato is a stem, not a root! Carrot/sweet potatoes are roots.
Stems: support and elevate leaves, maximizing photosynthesis
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The leaf is the main photosynthetic organ. It also exchanges gases with the atmosphere, dissipates heat and defends themselves from herbivores and pathogens. The leaf consists of a flattened blade and a stalk, the petiole, which joins the leaf to the stem at a node.
Cuticle on the outside. Stomata: take in CO2 and release O2.

Monocots and eudicots -> Monocots and eudicots differ in the arrangement of veins, the vascular tissue of leaves. Most monocots have parallel major veins of equal diameter that run the length of the blade. Eudicots generally have a branched network of veins arising from a major vein that runs down the center of the blade

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Cuticle: outside layer for protection agains drought, UV radiation, etc.
Palisade layer: packed with cells containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Vein: xylem and phloem
Stomata: take in CO2 and release O2

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Create organic material from energy and non-organic molecules (like CO2) through
- photosynthesis (using energy from sun)
- chemosynthesis (using energy from chemical reactions)

Examples: algae, plants, phytoplankton, some bacteria, some fungi

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Energy is gained from organic material produced by autotrophs or other heterotrophs

Examples: all animals, most fungi, most bacteria, some plants

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Plants without vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) --> do not have the ability to transport water and nutrients

Examples:
- Moss, hornworts, liverworts
- Algae

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Have vascular tissue and are therefore able to transport water and minerals

Subtypes:
1. Pteridohpytes (seedless plants, reproduce with spores, ferns)
2. Gymnosperms ('naked seeds', pine trees)
3. Angiosperms (flowering plants, most diverse group)

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First line of defence/protection

Non-woody plants

Epidermis: single layer of tightly packed cells

Root hair: water absorption

Guard cells: stomatal opening for diffusion of gases

Trichome: shoot outgrowths that prevent water loss, reflect sunlight and protect against insects. In shoot system: not found in roots.

Cuticle: wax coating to prevent water loss

Woody plants

Periderm replaces epidermis of old stems and roots. Depending on the location, different function.

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Main tasks: to facilitate transport within the plant and to provide mechanical support.
Vascular tissue can be one of the following two types:
a. Xylem, which conducts water and dissolved minerals from the root to the shoot. This dragging up of water and dissolved minerals is possible because evapotranspiration causes negative pressure in the leaves --> water goes up.  (look up the cell structure).
Water conducting cells: Vessel elements and tracheids.
b. Phloem, which transports sugars from the production site (usually in the leaf), to the root of the plant (or really anywhere the plants needs it to go).
Sugar conducting system: sieve tube elements.
Companion cell: helps move sugar into the sieve tube element.

In the root the vascular tissue usually forms a vascular cylinder, while in the stem and the leaves in consists out of vascular bundles.

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Basically all tissue that isn't dermal or vascular tissue. You call in either the pith or the cortex depending on it's location relative to the vascular tissue (pith: inside the vascular bundles, and cortex: outside of the vascular bundles and cylinder).

It includes cells with functions such as photosynthesis, food storage, support or short distance transport.

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Parenchyma cells: "active" cells of the plant: where photosynthesis happens. In the chloroplasts, in leaves.

Collenchyma cells: group in a strand. Help support young parts of the plant shoot. Provide support without restraining growth. Maintain the ability to differentiate into other cells.

Sclerenchyma cells:  Provide support to non-growing parts of the plant.
Trees: annual rings.