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Democritus introduced the idea of the atom being a basic building block of matter around 400 B.C.E in ancient Greece. He believed that atoms were uniform, solid, hard, incompressible, and indestructible and that they moved in infinite numbers through empty space until stopped. Democritus called his discovery of an atomic model "atomos."

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In 1808, in Manchester, John Dalton contributed to the atomic theory. Dalton's atomic theory stated that: 1). Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms. 2). Atoms of one element are identical while atoms of different elements are different. 3). Different atoms form compounds in constant ratios.

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Joseph Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 in London. Thomson proposed that all atoms contain tiny negatively charged subatomic particles or electrons. He propsoed the "plum pudding" model of the atom, which had negatively charged electrons embedded within a positively-charged "soup."

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In 1911, Ernest Rutherford made his contributions to atomic theory in England. Rutherford discovered that an atom is mostly empty space, with mass concentrated in the central nucleus. He discovered that the nucleus is positively charged and surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Rutherford's model was called the "Rutherford Planetary Model." Rutherford did the Gold Foil experiment.

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In 1913, in Manchester, Bohr made his discoveries. Bohr's Orbit Model states that electrons orbit the nucleus and the energy of electrons is quantized.

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Schrodinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom in 1926 in Zurich. In Schrodinger's Wave Mechanical Model, he stated that electrons can act like particles and waves, that they can occupy orbitals, and there are areas of probability.