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U.S. secretly sold arms to Iran and funded rebels in Nicaragua.

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The killing of a 14-year-old Black boy in 1955 that helped spark the Civil Rights Movement.

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– 1898. A U.S. battleship exploded in Havana Harbor, which increased tensions with Spain.

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Labor protest in Chicago that turned violent after a bomb exploded, leading to anti-union backlash

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War between the U.S. and Mexico that led to U.S. expansion into the Southwest, increasing tensions over slavery in new territories.

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The United States bought a huge territory from France, doubling the nation’s size and opening land for westward expansion.

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1492 – Columbus “discovers” the New World

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1492 – Columbus “discovers” the New World

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Columbus reached the new world, starting lasting contact between Europe and the Americas.

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Peaceful protests at a Woolworth’s lunch counter in 1960 to challenge segregation.

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– 1898. Short war between the U.S. and Spain; the U.S. gained territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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The U.S. fought Great Britain over trade restrictions, impressment of sailors, and frontier conflicts. The war ended in stalemate but boosted U.S. nationalism.

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Britain defeats France, gains territory, but heavy debt leads to colonial taxes.

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Trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

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Supreme Court ruled that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress couldn’t ban slavery in the territories.

• 1860 – Election of Abraham Lincoln:

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Steelworker strike at Carnegie Steel that turned violent and weakened labor unions.

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Cortés and allies defeated the Aztecs, giving Spain control of Mexico.

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England’s first colony vanished, remembered as the Lost Colony.

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Conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom.

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Virginia settlers rebelled against Governor Berkeley, burning Jamestown.

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Colonists protest the Tea Act by dumping tea into Boston Harbor.

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Colonies unite to resist the Intolerable Acts.

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it announced the American colonies’ break from Britain. The document declared that all men have natural rights to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” and listed grievances against King George III to justify independence.

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Delegates draft the U.S. Constitution to replace the Articles.

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Washington warns against political parties and foreign alliances.

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During the War of 1812, British troops invaded Washington, D.C. and burned the White House and Capitol before withdrawing.

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This law allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state, keeping balance in Congress. It also banned slavery north of the 36°30′ line in future territories.

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A period of rapid economic change marked by new transportation (canals, railroads), communication (telegraph), and industrial growth. It shifted the U.S. toward a market-based economy.

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Lincoln declared enslaved people in Confederate states free, shifting the war’s focus to ending slavery.

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The first major women’s rights convention in the U.S., where activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton called for equal rights, including the right to vote.

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Railroad strike over wage cuts that spread nationwide and was stopped by federal troops.

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Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant, ending the Civil War.

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– 1900. A violent uprising in China against foreigners and Christian missionaries; several nations, including the U.S., sent troops.

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President Abraham Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.

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Period after the Civil War focused on rebuilding the South and securing rights for freed African Americans.

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Supreme Court decision that upheld racial segregation under “separate but equal.”

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President John F. Kennedy was killed in 1963, shocking the nation.

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– Upton Sinclair’s book exposing unsafe meatpacking conditions, prompting food safety laws.

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President Clinton was impeached but not removed from office.

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– 1915. A German submarine sank the British ship Lusitania, killing many, including Americans, and turning U.S. opinion against Germany.

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– 1914–1918 (U.S. entered in 1917). A global war in Europe involving the Allies versus the Central Powers.

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A major 1963 civil rights rally where MLK gave his “I Have a Dream” speech.

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– 1920s. A decade of economic growth, consumer culture, jazz music, and social change in the U.S.

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– Began in 1929. A severe economic downturn with high unemployment, bank failures, and poverty.

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– 1930s. President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s programs to fight the Great Depression with relief, recovery, and reform.

WWII

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– 1939–1945 (U.S. entered in 1941). A global war with the Allies fighting the Axis powers in Europe and the Pacific.

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Martin Luther King Jr. was killed in 1968, causing national grief and unrest.

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Supreme Court case that decided the 2000 election.

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A law that banned discrimination in housing.

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In 1973, the U.S. pulled its troops out of Vietnam, ending its direct involvement.

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A political scandal in 1972–1974 that led to President Nixon resigning.

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U.S. campaign against global terrorism after 9/11.

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Law that expanded government surveillance powers.