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Relate education to children’s natural growth and development. He contributed to peace and understanding.

He used the vernacular language, reading, writing, mathematics, religion, history, Latin, and universal Knowledge.

He based on readiness and stages of human growth; gradual, cumulative, orderly use of objects and acted as a facilitator of learning.

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Create a learning environment that allows the child innate, natural goodness to flourish.

Reliance on sensation.

Experience with nature.

Assists nature rather than imposing

social conventions on the child.

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Develop the human being’s moral, mental and physical powers harmoniously; use sense perception informing clear ideas.

Reliance on sensation; object lessons.

Acts as a loving facilitator of learning

by creating a home-like school

environment.

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Develop many sided-interests and moral character.

Systematic organization of instruction;

preparation, presentation, association,

generalization, application.

A well-prepared professional who

follows the prescribed sequence in

teaching.

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Develop the latent spiritual essence of the child in a prepared environment.

Self activity, play and imitation.

Facilitates children’s growth.

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Enable human beings to live effectively, economically and scientifically.

Reliance on sensation and the scientific method; activities.

Organizes instructions in basic

activities.

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Contribute to the individual’s personal, social and intellectual growth.

Problem solving according to the

scientific method.

Creates a learning environment based

on learner’s shared experience.

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Assimilate immigrants into American society while preserving their ethnic cultural heritages.

Begin with learner’s neighborhood,

culture and needs; lead to boarder

social realities and connections.

Engages in a reciprocal or mutual

learning experience with students.

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Assists children’s sensory, muscular, and intellectual development in a prepared environment.

Spontaneous learning activities, practical, sensory and formal skills, exercises for practical life.

Acts as a facilitator of learning by using didactic materials in a prepared environment.

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Raise consciousness about exploitative conditions.

Use of personal and group biographies.

Stimulates awareness of real conditions of life.

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Organize education in terms of children’s patterns of growth and development.

Individualized programs, exploration and experimentation with concrete materials.

Organizes instruction according to stages of cognitive development.

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It is a social, economic and political philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers, leading to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society.

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Marxists argue that education aims to legitimize and reproduce class inequalities by forming a subservient class and workforce.

For Marxists, the functionalist idea that education fosters equal opportunities for all, and that it is a fair system, is a capitalist myth.

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False consciousness is essential in maintaining capitalism; it keeps the working class under control and stops them from revolting and overthrowing capitalism.

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The education system is based on exploitation and oppression; it teaches proletariat children that they exist to be dominated, and it teaches children of the capitalist ruling class they exist to dominate.

Schools are gatekeepers of knowledge and decide what constitutes knowledge.

Class consciousness is the self-understanding and awareness of our relationship to the means of production, and class status relative to others.

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Free education for all children in public schools... Combination of education with industrial production.

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It is a philosophical trend that states that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge and that such knowledge can only arise from the affirmation of theories through the scientific method. It is originated in France around the middle of the XIX and the XX century.

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Focus on observable, measureable information.

Rejects beliefs about mind, spirit consciousness.

Reality explained by laws of matter and motion.

Knowledge, based on sense perceptions objective reality.

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There are no differences in the logic of inquiry across sciences.

The research should aim to explain and predict.

Research should be empirically observable via human senses.

Inductive reasoning should be used to develop statements (hypotheses) to be tested during the research process.

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As a philosophy, positivism adheres to the view that only “factual” knowledge gained through observation (the senses), including measurement, is trustworthy. In positivism studies the role of the researcher is limited to data collection and interpretation in an objective way.

The precursor was Augusto Comte (1798–1857)

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This type of education pursues to create an individual that is:

A-critical

Inflexible

Close-minded

Individualist

The 2 main teories were behaviorism and Gestalt theory

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It’s main fundament is experimentalism; the first thing must be the program (science) and then the process.

Teacher training and observations where imperative to achieve the perfect methodologies.

Education must facilitate an individual’s adaptation to society.

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Children’s natural development wasn’t important.

They prepared mechanical beings; no criticism, no reflection, no making own decisions.

Only their practical knowledge is important.

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What is Marxism? | Marxism Explained | Who was Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels? Communist Manifesto