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"Started a concept of schools making their own decisions about their dollars and beginning to contract on their own"(Kaestle 203). This was a crucial test for on of the most controversial experiments in American public education.

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This voucher allowed nearly 400 children to attend nonreligious private school. By 1997 it was serving 1,500 children."In 1990, the year it was implemented, a group of nearly four hundred low-income students in Milwaukee attended private, nonreligious schools at taxpayer expense"(Kaestle 193).

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National Government era with high stakes testing was born to ensure students were meeting new standards. "And to ensure that students were meeting these new standards, an era of high-stakes testing was born"(Kaestle 187).

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Created Core Knowledge Curriculum-"Offers precisely the same academic content to students in over one thousand schools across the country"(Kaestle 207).

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"4th graders test in reading 8th graders test in math to ensure standards are met"(Kaestle 207). This led into the Core Knowledge Cirriculum

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Created Wisconsin Voucher- defending the program.
"I am not in this battle on education to save any institution I am here to save the lives of children by any means necessary"(Kaestle 193).

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Recommended high standards for graduation. Testing was created for students to ensure they were meeting standards.
"In turn they cracked down on students...an era of high stakes testing was born"(Kaestle 187).

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Students learn by doing rather than just sitting listening.
"Projects drive our curriculum" (Kaestle 210).

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Approach to learning is teacher centered. All students are expected to master the same academic content at the same time.

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William introduced the idea of the split shift system. He called this the "Work-Study-Play" system. He did not think children should have to sit in the classroom all day and have to listen to teachers speak the entire time.

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John is known for his exposition to "Learning by Doing". This also helped support progressive child-centered methods.

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Pushed the idea of students to get the education they need for their pathway to their education early on. Helped teachers build curriculum.

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Students went through surveys and interviews on if they would rather be in sweatshops working or in school. More than 80% of children said they would rather be in a sweatshop than to be in school.

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About 2 million children were working in factories rather than being in school.

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Taking place in Paris, France hundreds of teachers traveled to Paris very proudly. They did this to show the world what they teach in America.

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The Gary Plan was implemented by William Wirt. This introduced students how to balance time between "work and play" as they called it. They had alternating periods.

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More than 23 million immigrants came to the United States and over 3.5 million of these immigrants were children.

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19th Century movement for school reform made the U.S. be the nation that was providing more schooling to more children than any other nation.

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After Civil War congress required state to guarantee in their constitutions that they would offer a free nonsectarian education to all children.

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"Created "Common Schools" they would serve all boys and girls and teach a common body of knowledge that would give each student an equal chance in life" (Kaestle 29).

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Jefferson improved the law that educating the common people... he said general education will enable every man to judge for himself what will secure or endanger his freedom.

He guaranteed three years of public schooling for all children with advanced learning for only a select few.

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Congregationalists and Quakers lasting impact

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Congregationalists and Quakers lasting impact

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"The Congregationalists in Massachusetts and the Quakers in Indiana continued to shape the curriculum of local schools with their distinctive beliefs" (Kaestle 15).

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You had to be high class to get good formal education

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You had to be high class to get good formal education

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"These arangements meant that family wealth, race, and gender had a strong impact on how much formal education a child received" (Kaestle 12).

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White kids were privileged to go to school

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White kids were privileged to go to school

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"Common Schools were funded by local property taxes, charged no tuition, were open to all white children, were governed by local school committees, and were subject to modest amount of state regulation" (Kaestle 11).

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"The common school movement moved education more fully into the public sphere and made it amenable to public policy"(Kaestle 16).