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A perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole person, and the uniqueness of everyone.

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Being the best-known theory of human motivation, Maslov's theory states that our actions and behaviors are purely motivated by the fact that we need and that within itself produces the natural need(motivation) to feed, clothe, take care of ourselves and seek elevation on the natural level and or spiritual as well. Having the autonomy of our own choices (free will) we are thus compelled by being motivated to achieve our potential.

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Argues that because we are social beings our relationships significantly affect our motivation.

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Our belief systems and how we live in the world are affected by the company we keep, the interactions we engage in that foster influence, and ultimately motivation to accomplish that which one has become influenced about whether it be good or bad. How I choose to see the world around me gives me the beliefs I hold to, the perceptions I have created through my social interactions and connections I may have. To be encouraged in what I'm doing adds fuel to motivate me in the endeavor Im trying to achieve. To receive feedback or constructive criticism is a viable part of this theory in helping to develop motivation.

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Suggesting through study that how I view or interpret a situation I'm dealing with triggers the cause of my reaction to the event I'm dealing with. My every moment is affected by how I frame each moment and with which mindset and attitude I use. Knowing that to be in an adverse circumstance I can elevate from it by the thought process I consistently hold to in the positive. The outcome can be determined by the motivation that either comes from positive or negative outlooks. Looking at our thought patterns and learning to adjust them into positive ones gives us motivation in life.

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Cognitive Theories

Cognitive theories emphasize the creative process and person: process, in emphasizing the role of cognitive mechanisms as a basis for creative thought; and person, in considering individual differences in such mechanisms. Some cognitive theories focus on universal capacities, like attention or memory; others emphasize individual differences, like those indexed by divergent thinking tasks; some focus on conscious operations; others, on preconscious, implicit, or unintentional processes.

One classic cognitive theory, by Sarnoff A. Mednick, argues that creative insights can result from associative processes in memory. In this view, ideas are chained together, one after another, and more remote associates tend to be more original. This perspective argues that more creative individuals tend to have flatter hierarchies of associations than less creative individuals; in other words, more creative people have many more relatively strong associates for a given concept, rather than only a few. This is thought to provide greater scope for the simultaneous activation of far-flung representations, which many believe to be an important engine of creative thought.

Along similar lines, another cognitive theory focuses on how concepts are combined to generate novelty. Research suggests that conceptual combination - bringing two different sets of information together - is often involved in creative ideation, that original insights are more likely when two disparate features are brought together, and that connections between these concepts might only be seen at a very high level of abstraction. This kind of thinking has been called metaphoric logical, the idea being that something like 'angry weather' is only comprehensible in a nonliteral fashion. Such processes may suggest creative alternatives to well-worn lines of thought.

More generally, research in the 'creative cognition approach' tradition, another important contemporary view of creativity developed mainly by Ronald A. Finke, Steven M. Smith, and Thomas B. Ward, has likewise emphasized ideas drawn from cognitive psychology (e.g., conceptual combination, conceptual expansion, creative imagery, and metaphor) to understand how individuals generate ideas and explore their implications in laboratory-based invention and design tasks. Such processes are thought to play out in two fundamental regimes of thought: generating ideas and exploring their implications. In practice, the two are strongly interleaved and combined in the 'geneplore' model of creative thought (from generate + ex plore).

Finally, metacognitive processes (thinking about one's own thinking) are also frequently tied to creativity. Many tactics for increasing creative problem solving have been proposed and popularized, including 'think backwards,' 'shift your perspective,' 'put the problem aside,' and 'question assumptions.' Tactical thinking is especially useful for programs designed to facilitate creative problem solving since they are a function of conscious decisions and can be employed when necessary.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123750389002235

Emotion

Cognitive theories posit that depressed individuals are more sensitive to negative stimuli and less sensitive to positive stimuli. However, emotion researchers have found that depressed individuals can exhibit reduced sensitivity to both negative and positive stimuli. This phenomenon has been referred to as "emotion context insensitivity" (ECI; Rottenberg, 2017). ECI may explain why depressed individuals often appear less responsive to environmental cues and are thus less motivated to act. Taken together, Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory and Rottenberg's ECI model suggest that depression is associated with both dysregulated emotional reactivity and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978032391497000182X

Panic disorder (PD)

Cognitive theories posit that PD is maintained by catastrophic misinterpretations of arousal-related body sensations, which then produce additional fear-related physiological changes, creating a self-reinforcing cycle and culminating in a panic attack (Clark, 1986). For example, a client might interpret an elevated heart rate as a sign of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation leads to even greater physiological arousal and subjective fear. Thus, exposure therapy for PD emphasizes interoceptive exposures (see Types of exposures, above) to help clients learn that body sensations are most often not dangerous. A client with PD might engage in exposures by running in place and tolerating the resulting increase in heart rate; breathing through a cocktail straw to simulate shortness of breath; or spinning in a swivel chair to practice experiencing dizziness. Research suggests that exposure therapy effectively treats PD (Barlow et al., 2000), and may lead to lower dropout rates (e.g., see Bakker et al., 1998) and better maintenance of treatment gains (Barlow et al., 2000) relative to pharmacotherapy (imipramine) for PD.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323914970000655

Cognitive approaches

Cognitive theories of depression are among the most widely studied theories in the etiology of depression. One of the most influential of these theories was proposed by Aaron Beck in 1967. Beck's model argues that depression results from the activation of depressive self-schemas. These schemas refer to organized mental structures that, in the case of depression, are negatively toned representations of self-referent knowledge. Moreover, schemas guide appraisals and interact with information to influence selective attention, memory, and cognition. Although all persons evidence schemas, the schemas of depressed individuals are dysfunctional because they lead to negative perspectives about oneself, the world, and the future, or what Beck has termed, the negative cognitive triad.

An important aspect of Beck's model is that depressive schemas lay dormant until activated by relevant stimuli: "Whether he will ever become depressed depends on whether the necessary conditions are present at a given time to activate the depressive constellation." Thus, stressful life events are necessary to activate negative schemas, and once activated, schemas provide access to a complex system of negative personal themes that give rise to a corresponding pattern of negative information processing that eventuates in depression.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123750006001294

Cognitive risks

Cognitive theories of depression emphasize the contribution of maladaptive mental representations and patterns of thinking to the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders. These theories posit that such cognitive attributes will have a particularly pronounced effect on depressive symptoms in response to negative life experiences. Three primary cognitive styles have been identified as risk factors for depressive disorders. The first depressogenic cognitive style ('negative cognitive triad') was proposed by Aaron Beck during the 1960s; according to Beck's theory, and more recent elaborations, dysfunctional attitudes predispose individuals to process information in a negatively biased manner. These maladaptive interpretations specifically pertain to inferences about the self (i.e., that one is flawed or inadequate), the world (i.e., that stressors will encompass all life domains), and the future (i.e., that negative experiences will persist in the future). A second depressogenic cognitive style ('negative attributional or inferential style') also highlights the role of negative inferences in response to stressful events; specifically, it is believed that individuals who attribute negative events to stable and global causes, who interpret negative events as having widespread detrimental consequences, and who perceive feelings of deficiency and hopelessness about themselves, as a result, are at heightened vulnerability to depression. A third depressogenic cognitive style ('low perceived control') involves the tendency to perceive oneself as incompetent and lacking control over life experiences, thereby priming the anticipation of perpetual life stress and emotional distress. Empirical research generally yields support for the notion that cognitive vulnerability, particularly in combination with stressful life events, predisposes adolescents to experience depressive symptoms.

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URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123739513001083

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Cognitive theories emphasize the creative process and person: process, in emphasizing the role of cognitive mechanisms as a basis for creative thought; and person, in considering individual differences in such mechanisms. Some cognitive theories focus on universal capacities, like attention or memory; others emphasize individual differences, like those indexed by divergent thinking tasks; some focus on conscious operations; others, on preconscious, implicit, or unintentional processes.

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Behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement.

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In this theory, Mr. Skinner was interested in how the consequences of people's actions influenced their behavior. To accomplish something and to be rewarded for it is seen through this theory as acting as a strong motivator. Consequences are one thing stated that can guide our actions, rewards or something you treat yourself to is a catalyst for your motivations to be empowered to keep you focused and in the state of flow.