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Joe Darby was serving in Iraq when he accidentally found photos of his fellow soldiers humiliating and torturing Iraqi prisoners. It took him 3 weeks to turn in the photos because he knew it would put him against his peers. He called his decision a "moral call". His tip called attention to the Abu Graib prison which led to investigations. When the pictures surfaced the news it caused an outrage in America. He later received the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award on May 16, 2005, in recognition of his courage.

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John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum

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In January 2004, while serving with the 372nd Military Police Company in Iraq, Joseph M. Darby, then an Army Specialist, anonymously turned in to Army investigators a fellow soldier’s photographs depicting members of his unit taking part in the torture and humiliation of Iraqi prisoners at the Abu Ghraib prison.

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Darby was promised to stay anonymous because he knew he would receive backlash and feared being murdered by his colleagues. He risked his reputation, job, and the safety of his family by coming forward. He was exposed by the Secretary of Defence while sitting with hundreds of soldiers. When he returned to the United States he was placed in protective custody. His wife fled to her sister's house which was vandalized. She later joined him in custody. He was called a hero by people he didn't know and a snitch by his neighbors. He was blamed for the deaths that occurred in retaliation for the abuse that went on at the hands of American soldiers. Of the soldiers who got in trouble, eleven were convicted. However, most sentences were minor. Charles Graner served the most severe conviction; six-and-a-half years of his ten-year sentence. His family up and left and started a new life somewhere else. Joseph Darby returned to the United States Army, where he was promoted to the rank of Sergeant. He says he never regrets turning in those pictures.

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by Sophie Mullen

Under Saddam Hussein's dictatorship, Abu Ghraib prison - situated in central Iraq - gained international recognition through reports of overcrowding and torture. After the collapse of Hussein's regime, the U.S. military was placed in overseeing the detention facility. However, U.S. actions demonstrated major breaches of Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The severest abuses occurred as part of then-Secretary Rumsfeld's initiative to increase 'actionable intelligence' among Iraqi prisoners. The allegations were verified by "detailed witness statements" (Hersh, 2004) and the discovery of "extremely graphic photographic evidence" (ibid), which CBS' 60 Minutes broadcasted in a special report in 2004.

Joe Darby, a reserve soldier for the U.S. forces, exposed the violations ongoing at Abu Ghraib prison in January 2004. The photographs were handed to him on a CD by Charles Graner - after seeing the images, it took him 3 weeks to hand the photos in. Shortly after, the soldiers accused were removed from the base. As Mestrovic suggests, "had it not been for those photographs, the abuse at Abu Ghraib most likely would not have been noticed by the world as quickly as it was, and abuse would not have been suspected at other sites from [Guantanamo] to Afghanistan" (Mestrovic, 2006:8). Interestingly, Darby was promised anonymity, based on his concern that he would be labelled a traitor, or murdered by his colleagues. In an interview with the BBC, Darby said, "he was sitting in a crowded Iraqi canteen with hundreds of soldiers and Donald Rumsfeld came on the television to thank [him] by name for handing in the photographs" (Bryan, 2007). Darby is adamant that this was not a mistake, based on the understanding that statements are often scripted and it would be unlikely that the Secretary of Defence "had no idea about the star witness for a criminal case being anonymous" (ibid). It is likely Rumsfeld did this with intent as a response to Darby threatening 'State secrets'. However, the effect of whistleblowing led others to come forward and, five months later, the Taguba report and the Torture Memos were leaked to the press. These leaks exposed Rumsfeld's initiative, alongside other members of the Bush administration, to increase actionable intelligence.

In response to Darby's whistle-blowing and the documents that were leaked as a result of his actions, the U.S. held numerous congressional hearings and investigations into allegations of abuse. The Kern- Fay-Jones and Schlesinger panel reports were published in August 2004. Both reports said the soldiers involved and their local commanders were liable for the prisoner abuses, "but each pointed a finger of criticism higher up" (BBC, 2004). The Fay report indicated that "23 military intelligence personnel and four civilian contractors joined in or encouraged the abuse" (ibid). Yet, the Schlesinger report criticised the soldiers "brutality and purposeless sadism" (ibid). The Schlesinger report reinforced the Bush administration's notion that the abuses at Abu Ghraib was an isolated incident, which did not represent the U.S. objectives in Iraq. As a result, eleven soldiers were convicted - however, most sentences were minor. Charles Graner served the most severe conviction; six-and-a-half years of his ten-year sentence.

Many organisations concluded that enhanced interrogation techniques constituted as torture (Amnesty International, 2008; Human Rights Watch, 2011; International Committee of the Red Cross, 2007; Open Society Justice Initiative, 2013; Physicians for Human Rights, 2008). Furthermore, "several human rights groups have compiled a 2500-page criminal complaint against Bush for violating the Convention Against Torture which they plan to file with the courts if Bush ever travels outside of the United States" (Chwastiak, 2015).

In 2011, Human Rights Watch (HRW) released the report, 'Getting Away with Torture: The Bush Administration and Mistreatment of Detainees' which suggests "there is no longer any doubt as to whether the [Bush] administration has committed war crimes. The only question that remains to be answered is whether those who ordered the use of torture will be held to account" (Human Rights Watch, 2011). The report examines who is really responsible for the torture and ill-treatment of detainees at Abu Ghraib - and whilst several 'perpetrators' were prosecuted, HRW focuses on senior officials-"former President George W. Bush, Vice President Dick Cheney, Defence Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, CIA Director George Tenet" and numerous others within the administration (ibid).

Without real accountability for the crimes committed at Abu Ghraib, "those who commit abuses in the name of counterterrorism will point to the U.S. mistreatment of detainees to deflect criticism of their own conduct" (ibid). The U.S. has a prominent and dominating government - so when they openly defy laws prohibiting torture, it creates "a bedrock principle of human rights, it virtually invites others to do the same" (ibid). As HRW concluded, "The U.S. government's much-needed credibility as a proponent of human rights was damaged by the torture revelations and continues to be damaged by the complete impunity for the policymakers implicated in criminal offenses" (ibid). Without the whistle-blowers detailing the events at Abu Ghraib and the subsequent reports leaked after, human rights abuse would likely have gone on for longer. Yet, because of the actions of one brave individual - in this case, reserve soldier Joe Darby - the human rights abuses of the U.S. Army and the Bush Administration came to light. This subsequently led to increased scrutiny from both within the U.S. and from the international community as a whole.
Bibliography
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Baker, Nancy (2010) 'The Law: Who was John Yoo's Client? The Torture Memos and Professional misconduct'. Presidential Studies Quarterly. Volume 40. Issue 4. New Mexico State University: USA.

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Hersh, Seymour (2004) 'Torture at Abu Ghraib: American soldiers brutalized Iraqis. How far up does the responsibility go?'. The New Yorker. 10 th May, 2004. Available at: <https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/05/10/torture-at-abu-ghraib> [Accessed 16/02/2018].

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Blowing The Whistle: Abu Ghraib and Joe Darby | Leeds Human Rights Journal

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https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/PersonOfWeek/story?id=131827&page=1

According to allsides.com "ABC News" is usually leaning left, but I think this article is unbiased. The only controversial statement in this article is that he came forward and spoke out about how he was the one who sent the pictures in. In other articles I have read they said the Secretary of Defense is the one that exposed him for sending in the tip.

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I think this picture portrays Joe Darby because he is not like the rest of his community. He didn't participate in the inhumane actions going on around him. When he told the truth, he was outcasted by his peers.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsCRKcWLamc

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Joe Darby connects to Dr. Stockmann in Enemy of the People because they were both whistleblowers. Dr.Stockman exposed the bacteria in his town's baths, and Joe Darby exposed the abuse the military was putting detainees through. Their communities stayed silent, which was against these two people's moral values. They both received backlash, and it was the worst in their hometown. They were outcasted and called traitors. Both of the homes they were staying in were vandalized as the town tried to punish them.

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I use this picture because it is the core of this scandal, the abuse that happened in the prison. https://www.businessinsider.com/guard-dogs-attack-prison-inmates-abu-ghraib-torture-trauma-2023-7 describes how this was a game where they would use the dogs to scare the detainees until they urinated or defecated.

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I think this picture portrays Joe Darby because he exposed the truth when he knew there were consequences for his peers. He spoke out for the detainees who were silenced.