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Descoberta do Buraco na Camada de Ozônio

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Descoberta do Buraco na Camada de Ozônio

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O buraco na camada de ozônio foi descoberto em 1970, mas tornou-se amplamente reconhecido em 1985, quando cientistas britânicos observaram uma diminuição significativa nos níveis de ozônio sobre a Antártica. O ozônio é essencial para proteger a Terra contra a radiação ultravioleta prejudicial, que pode causar câncer de pele, catarata e outros problemas de saúde, além de prejudicar ecossistemas. O buraco é causado principalmente pelo uso de clorofluorcarbonetos (CFCs) e outros compostos químicos, que destroem o ozônio na estratosfera.

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This is the Nature PastCast, each month raiding Nature 's archive and looking at key moments in science. In this show, we're exploring a paper published in the 1980s.

Music
News report
And now, ozone in the news. Recently, scientists discovered a weak spot in the ozone layer over Antarctica. Satellite observations have confirmed a progressive deterioration in the Earth's protective ozone layer above Antarctica, according to scientists...
Voice of Nature: John Howe
Nature, international weekly journal of science. 16 th May 1985. Letters to Nature, p207. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica.
Jonathan Shanklin
The paper really changed the way people look at the environment.
Erik Conway
It provided an image of nearly global environmental damage that people could see.
Richard Stolarski
All of a sudden, you look at it differently - wow, we really can affect the planet as a whole.

Music
Voice of Nature: John Howe
J. C. Farman, B. G. Gardiner and J. D. Shanklin, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK.

Music
Jonathan Shanklin
What we discovered at our Antarctic station was quite curious. It seemed that each Antarctic spring - which for the Antarctic is September, October - ozone levels were dropping. I'm Jonathan Shanklin and I was one of the team of scientists that discovered the Antarctic ozone hole.

Music
Jonathan Shanklin
Concerns were raised, really, in the 1960s and 70s that substances that we were manufacturing, in particular chlorofluorocarbons - the CFCs - might put chlorine high into the atmosphere where it could then photocatalytically interact with the ozone and destroy ozone.
News report
Ozone is an invisible upper atmospheric gas that protects all forms of life on Earth from most of the Sun's damaging radiation, radiation that can cause skin cancer, eye damage and suppression of the immune system. The harvesting of fish and plant life are also affected. A vast amount of aquatic life has its beginnings...
Jonathan Shanklin
When we were working up to publishing our paper, concerns had been expressed that these CFCs might destroy the ozone layer, that exhaust gases from Concorde might destroy the ozone layer, and the general thoughts were that any destruction would probably take place at high altitude in the tropics.
Richard Stolarski
My name is Richard Stolarksi, and I'm a research scientist who's worked on ozone for many years. I'm now at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. We were looking for, at most, a few percent change in ozone and we weren't necessarily looking in Antarctica. What they found in that paper was, during the springtime, a 40% or more decline and that that 40% only ten years earlier was not there, so this happened very rapidly. So, basically, it was more than an order of magnitude greater than we expected.
Erik Conway
My name is Erik Conway. I am the historian at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. So, when the British Antarctic Survey paper is published in 1985, a lot of people are rather shocked because during the early 1980s, they weren't sure whether there was evidence of depletion and that's because it's a difficult question to answer. There is a great deal of variation in the density of stratospheric ozone - it varies by season, it varies by latitude - so there were claims of depletion but they weren't widely accepted yet.
Richard Stolarski
The fluorocarbon-ozone theory was a theory. It's just a theory. We can't see it happening. Boom - look at it. There it is.
Voice of Nature: John Howe
Total ozone has been measured at the British Antarctic Survey stations, Argentine islands and Halley Bay since 1957. Whatever the absolute error of the recent values may be, the annual variation of total ozone at Halley Bay has undergone a dramatic change.
Richard Stolarski
Boom - look at it. There it is.
Jonathan Shanklin
One of the tasks that I had when I first joined the Survey was to process the missing data. We had a period of about ten years where the data hadn't been reduced and doing it manually was quite time consuming. Computers were just coming in. I was given the task of writing the programmes, supervising the digitisation of the data and processing it. I started at the present and was going to work back, and my colleagues really didn't believe that this was significant. They thought, well, just because you've got it one year, it doesn't count. So, I eventually worked up all the missing years and was able to show it was systematic and if you've got something systematic, there has to be something real going on. I think I was probably the little thing in the background that made the difference and it was really a little voice from me being quite persistent that look, we've got to do something about this, that finally sort of drove them to right, well, we better write this up and better go to Nature because I think they had a better grasp of what a fundamental discovery this was than I did.

Music
Erik Conway
Many scientists told me that, in fact, they trusted the British Antarctic Survey people. In other words, they knew them to be good and rigorous scientists, so the initial questioning of those scientists was, well, how could they get such results because what they had found was ozone concentrations are far lower than anyone had ever seen on Earth.
Richard Stolarski
I was with NASA for 35 years, and I had just come off of a stint as a low-level manager and was just getting back into doing some real science, and we had people who had been taking satellite data of ozone. At the time, the amount of data was so massive it was overwhelming and very difficult to deal with. You had to learn how to find the right 9 track tape in a room full of tapes, and it's really ironic to look at it today because the satellite was taking about 5 GB of data per year and at that time, when you said that, people were overwhelmingly impressed and now I think a lot of people probably run that through their smartphone every month. But at the time, it was an overwhelming amount of data.
Erik Conway
The Goddard team was scooped and they knew it. They went back to their own data and tried to figure out why this ozone hole wasn't apparent, and it turned out that it was. Well, the Goddard folks had set quality control software to look at the data automatically as it came back from the satellite and mark as potentially bad data anything that showed levels below a certain amount, and these levels of the prediction of the Antarctic Surveys were below that amount. So, when the Goddard folks mapped all these flags of potentially bad data, they were all over the Antarctic, exactly where the British Antarctic Survey said it should be. So, they ultimately wound up corroborating the British Antarctic Survey's story and getting a bit of egg on their faces too.
News report
It's being called an unprecedented display of international cooperation to protect the world's environment. The Montreal Protocol signed today aims at stopping the deterioration of the ozone layer in the atmosphere - that's the layer which shields us from damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. But there's a lot of work ahead before...
Erik Conway
So, after the discovery of the 1985 ozone hole, there was already scheduled a set of negotiations over chlorofluorocarbons to reduce, but not ban, the production of chlorofluorocarbons, and what the discovery of the ozone hole does is demonstrate that there really is a problem and probably helped accelerate the negotiations that were already ongoing. The Montreal Protocol, as it's initially written, was a 50% reduction in production of chlorofluorocarbons - it was not a ban. The ban actually took a number of more years to negotiate and became possible as more evidence that chlorofluorocarbons were actually responsible for the ozone hole was developed by the scientific research that was going on.
News reports
They have discovered a trend. Each spring, over Antarctica a hole in the ozone develops... Satellites photo show that a hole opens for a few months during Antarctica's springtime...
Jonathan Shanklin
It was very clear when we first looked at the data that we've got an ozone decline and I think that's probably the term we used - a decline in ozone above the Antarctic - and it wasn't really until you got the satellite images that you could see oh, there's a hole there. And yeah, with nice coloured graphics it hits you in the face.
Richard Stolarski
It is not clear to me to this day who coined the term ozone hole and when and where it was done. Some complained we shouldn't use that term, but once you let that term out of the bag, there was no going back. It became the ozone hole and it seems to me that it certainly made it easier to reach a greater part of the public by having a simple key word that you could describe it by.
Erik Conway
The ozone hole was mentioned in newspapers and on TV quite commonly during the 1980s because the interest of environmental organisations kept it on the public radar, I think. The ozone hole actually still appears every year, and it has completely disappeared from public conversation. We have judged it a solved problem even though scientists don't actually expect it to go away for another 80-100 years.
Richard Stolarski
I really think that the whole episode of the ozone hole discovery and all the subsequent things that happened, in terms of explaining it, mapping it etc., are a huge success story for the science of understanding the stratosphere. We were able, in a very short time, to put together a lot of pieces and to draw a much clearer picture of how this part of the Earth's system works and what might affect it and what might not affect it.
Erik Conway
So, the legacy of the ozone hole story was that effective environmental action can be taken at the international level to resolve global environmental problems. A great many people compare the ozone depletion problem and the climate change problem.
Richard Stolarski
You have to remember that the ozone hole story was sort of simple and straightforward, and that CFCs had not been part of our economy for that long and they were not the same as carbon dioxide which is coming from our basic energy generation, so that the regulations that limited the CFCs could be handled by the economy quite easily. So, while there are lessons, I think with carbon dioxide we are dealing with a much more difficult problem that goes way beyond the parameters that were involved in the ozone hole.
Jonathan Shanklin
It's been quite fascinating going back, particularly along the Antarctic Peninsula, on various trips. When I first went to Rothera, we used to get drinking water in the summer from a melt pool that formed on a patch of ice nearby. The last time I was at Rothera, we couldn't do that because the ice level had dropped so much that the water just spilled out into the sea and I've seen the glaciers retreating, slowly, admittedly, but I can see that they're going back and yes, change is very obvious along the Antarctic Peninsula. The ozone hole story clearly shows that if we have the will to do things, we can succeed. Climate change - the will isn't there yet, and I fear it will take a disaster or two before that will appears. But once it does, we have the knowledge and the technology to do something about it.

Music
Voice of Nature: John Howe
Nature. Published by Macmillan Journals Limited, 4 Little Essex Street, London, WC2R 3LF. 16 th May 1985.

Music
Kerri Smith
You've been listening to the Nature PastCast, produced by Charlotte Stoddart and with contributions from Jonathan Shanklin, Richard Stolarski and historian Erik Conway. Next month, it's back to the 1870s and the starring role of the gorilla in the quest to understand man's place in nature.

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The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole

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The unexpected discovery of a hole in the atmospheric ozone layer over the Antarctic revolutionized science - and helped to establish one of the most successful global environmental policies of the twentieth century. How an unexpected observation changed global environmental policy.

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Criação da IUCN Red List (lista vermelha da IUCN)

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Criação da IUCN Red List (lista vermelha da IUCN)

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A União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza (IUCN) lançou a primeira versão abrangente da Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas, alertando sobre o risco de extinção de várias espécies.

A Lista Vermelha, ao informar os dados de conservação, serve como um alerta sobre a constante perda de biodiversidade verificada na Terra.

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Conferência de Nairobi sobre Conservação e Desenvolvimento

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Conferência de Nairobi sobre Conservação e Desenvolvimento

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Organizada pela ONU, essa conferência destacou a integração de políticas ambientais com desenvolvimento econômico sustentável.

Para avaliar os resultados da Conferência de Estocolmo, que ocorreu dez anos antes. O objetivo da conferência foi analisar os princípios da Declaração de Estocolmo e definir novas prioridades.

A Conferência de Nairóbi de 1982 resultou na Declaração de Nairóbi, que incluiu:

A necessidade de prevenir agressões ambientais

A importância de conscientizar a população sobre o meio ambiente

A necessidade de fortalecer a cooperação internacional para a proteção ambiental

A necessidade de criar unidades de conservação

A conferência também resultou na formação da Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento, que publicou em 1987 o relatório Nosso Futuro Comum. Este relatório apontou a necessidade de um desenvolvimento sustentável.

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Prateleira Ambiental | Portal de Educação Ambiental

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A Conferência de Nairóbi ocorreu em Nairóbi, no Quênia, de 10 a 18 de maio de 1982, e foi convocada pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) para fazer um balanço […]

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A tragédia de Bhopal ocorreu em 3 de dezembro de 1984, na cidade de Bhopal, na Índia, quando uma planta da Union Carbide, que produzia pesticidas, liberou gás venenoso (isocianato de metila) no ar. O desastre resultou em milhares de mortes imediatas e causou doenças respiratórias, cegueira e deformidades em sobreviventes. Estima-se que entre 3.000 e 15.000 pessoas morreram devido à exposição ao gás, enquanto centenas de milhares sofreram sequelas a longo prazo. Esse evento é considerado um dos maiores desastres industriais da história.

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O Protocolo de Montreal foi adotado em 1987 e é um acordo internacional com o objetivo de reduzir e eliminar o uso de substâncias que destroem a camada de ozônio, como os CFCs e halons. Considerado um dos tratados ambientais mais bem-sucedidos, o Protocolo levou à substituição de muitas dessas substâncias por alternativas mais seguras. Graças ao Protocolo, houve uma significativa redução na emissão dessas substâncias e, como resultado, sinais de recuperação da camada de ozônio têm sido observados ao longo dos anos.

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Criação do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC)

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Criação do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC)

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O IPCC foi criado em 1988 pela ONU para avaliar cientificamente as mudanças climáticas e orientar políticas ambientais. Ele analisa pesquisas existentes e publica relatórios sobre a base científica do clima, impactos e estratégias de mitigação.

Seus estudos influenciaram acordos como o Protocolo de Kyoto (1997) e o Acordo de Paris (2015). Em 2007, recebeu o Prêmio Nobel da Paz por seu papel na conscientização sobre o aquecimento global.

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The establishment of the IPCC was endorsed by UN General Assembly in 1988. Its initial task, as outlined in UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 of 6 December 1988, was to prepare a comprehensive review and recommendations with respect to the state of knowledge of the science of climate change; the social and economic impact of climate change, and potential response strategies and elements for inclusion in a possible future international convention on climate. Since 1988, the IPCC has had five assessment cycles and delivered five Assessment Reports, the most comprehensive scientific reports about climate change produced worldwide. It has also produced a range of Methodology Reports, Special Reports and Technical Papers, in response to requests for information on specific scientific and technical matters from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), governments and international organizations.

Engage

There are many ways to engage with the IPCC

Since the creation of the IPCC, each Assessment Report has fed directly into international climate policymaking.

In 1990, the First IPCC Assessment Report (FAR) underlined the importance of climate change as a challenge with global consequences and requiring international cooperation. It played a decisive role in the creation of the UNFCCC, the key international treaty to reduce global warming and cope with the consequences of climate change. The Second Assessment Report (SAR) (1995) provided important material for governments to draw from in the run-up to adoption of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997. The Third Assessment Report (TAR) (2001) focused attention on the impacts of climate change and the need for adaptation. The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) (2007) laid the ground work for a post-Kyoto agreement, focusing on limiting warming to 2°C. The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) was finalized between 2013 and 2014. It provided the scientific input into the Paris Agreement. The IPCC is currently in its Sixth Assessment cycle where it will prepare three Special Reports, a Methodology Report and the Sixth Assessment Report. The first of these Special Reports, Global Warming of 1.5°C (SR15), was requested by world governments under the Paris Agreement. In May 2019, the IPCC finalised the 2019 Refinement - an update to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) was in August 2019 and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) in September 2019. The Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) was finalized in March 2023 in time for the first global stocktake at the end of 2023.

In 2007, the IPCC and U.S. Vice-President Al Gore were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change". The full statement about the 2007 Nobel Prize Award can be found here.

In October 2022, the IPCC and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) were declared co-laureates of the 2022 Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity.

The Jury of the Gulbenkian Prize for Humanity led by Dr. Angela Merkel, selected the IPCC and IPBES out of 116 nominations from 41 countries, in recognition of "...the role of science on the front line of tackling climate change and the loss of biodiversity."

In March 2010 U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and IPCC Chair Rajendra Pachauri asked the InterAcademy Council (IAC) to conduct an independent review of IPCC procedures. The IAC issued a report and recommendations in August 2010. The IPCC considered these at its subsequent sessions, and made a number of revisions to its procedures as a result. Details of the IAC report and the changes to the IPCC procedures can be found here

The IPCC celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2018. Several member governments held conferences or events to mark the occasion. Communications material about the IPCC to support the efforts of stakeholders organizing events to mark the 30th anniversary of the IPCC can be found here.

Materials from previous anniversary

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The establishment of the IPCC was endorsed by UN General Assembly in 1988. Its initial task, as outlined in UN General Assembly Resolution 43/53 of 6 December 1988, was to prepare a comprehensive review and recommendations with respect to the state of knowledge of the science of climate change; the social and economic impact of climate change, and potential response strategies and elements for inclusion in a possible future international convention on climate.

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Conferência de Basel (Convenção de Basel)

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Conferência de Basel (Convenção de Basel)

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A Convenção de Basileia, assinada em 1989 em Basileia, Suíça, visa controlar o movimento transfronteiriço de resíduos perigosos e garantir seu descarte de forma ambientalmente correta. O tratado busca evitar que países desenvolvidos exportem lixo tóxico para países em desenvolvimento, e hoje conta com a adesão de mais de 180 países. Em 1995, foi adotado o “Banimento da Basileia”, proibindo a exportação de resíduos perigosos para países pobres.

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Exxon Valdez – Desastre Ambiental no Alasca

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Exxon Valdez – Desastre Ambiental no Alasca

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O desastre do petróleo do Exxon Valdez, ocorrido em 1989, foi um dos piores desastres ambientais da história, quando o petroleiro Exxon Valdez derramou 11 milhões de galões de petróleo na Baía de Prince William, no Alasca. O vazamento causou a morte de milhares de animais marinhos e afetou a pesca e o turismo na região. A resposta de limpeza foi longa e as áreas afetadas demoraram décadas para se recuperar. A Exxon enfrentou processos e multas, mas o valor final pago foi reduzido após apelações.

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Convenção de Viena para a Proteção da Camada de Ozônio

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Convenção de Viena para a Proteção da Camada de Ozônio

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A Convenção de Viena para a Proteção da Camada de Ozônio foi adotada em 1985, com o objetivo de proteger a camada de ozônio e reduzir os danos causados por substâncias que a destroem. A convenção estabeleceu um marco legal para a cooperação internacional e forneceu uma base para futuras negociações e ações. Embora não tenha sido vinculante em termos de reduções específicas, ela foi um passo importante para aumentar a conscientização sobre o problema e coordenar ações globais.

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Publicação do Relatório Brundtland (“Nosso Futuro Comum”)

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Publicação do Relatório Brundtland (“Nosso Futuro Comum”)

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O Relatório de Brundtland – Nosso Futuro Comum (1987) é um documento da ONU que popularizou o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável, definido como o desenvolvimento que atende às necessidades do presente sem comprometer as gerações futuras.

Ele destaca a interdependência entre economia, meio ambiente e sociedade, criticando os modelos de crescimento que causam desigualdade e degradação ambiental. O relatório propõe o uso sustentável dos recursos naturais, tecnologias limpas e cooperação global para garantir um futuro equilibrado.

Esse relatório influenciou conferências ambientais como a Rio-92 e políticas ambientais globais.

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Prateleira Ambiental | Portal de Educação Ambiental

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No ano de 1983, o Secretário-Geral da ONU convidou a médica, mestre em saúde pública e ex-Primeira Ministra da Noruega Gro Harlem Brundtland, para estabelecer e presidir a Comissão Mundial […]

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Política Nacional Do Meio Ambiente (PNMA)

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Política Nacional Do Meio Ambiente (PNMA)

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A Política Nacional do Meio Ambiente (PNMA) foi instituída pela Lei nº 6.938/1981 e é o principal marco legal da gestão ambiental no Brasil. Seu objetivo é garantir o desenvolvimento sustentável, conciliando o crescimento econômico com a preservação ambiental.

Principais Pontos da PNMA

1. Objetivo: Preservar, melhorar e recuperar a qualidade ambiental para garantir a saúde pública e o equilíbrio ecológico.

2. Instrumentos:

Licenciamento ambiental (para empreendimentos com impacto ambiental).

Avaliação de impacto ambiental (AIA).

Zoneamento ambiental.

Criação de unidades de conservação.

Educação ambiental.

3. Sistema Nacional do Meio Ambiente (SISNAMA): Conjunto de órgãos que regulam e fiscalizam a política ambiental, incluindo IBAMA, órgãos estaduais e municipais.

4. Princípio do Poluidor-Pagador: Quem causa danos ambientais deve arcar com os custos de reparação.

A PNMA é a base da legislação ambiental brasileira, influenciando políticas como o Código Florestal e a Lei dos Crimes Ambientais.

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A Convenção das Nações Unidas Sobre o Direito Do Mar

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A Convenção das Nações Unidas Sobre o Direito Do Mar

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A Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM) é um tratado internacional adotado em 1982, que define os direitos e responsabilidades dos países sobre o uso dos oceanos. Ela estabelece regras sobre delimitação marítima, exploração de recursos naturais, navegação, proteção ambiental e solução de disputas.

Ela entrou em vigor em 1994 e é reconhecida como a "Constituição dos Oceanos", sendo adotada por mais de 160 países.

Principais pontos da Convenção

1. Zonas Marítimas

Mar Territorial: Até 12 milhas náuticas da costa, onde o país tem soberania plena.

Zona Contígua: De 12 a 24 milhas náuticas, onde o país pode fiscalizar e punir infrações.

Zona Econômica Exclusiva (ZEE): Até 200 milhas náuticas, onde o país tem direitos exclusivos sobre os recursos naturais.

Plataforma Continental: Pode se estender além das 200 milhas, se houver justificativa geológica.

2. Alto-mar e Águas Internacionais

O alto-mar é patrimônio comum da humanidade, sujeito a regras de exploração equilibrada.

3. Exploração de Recursos

A mineração do fundo do mar e a exploração de petróleo/gás seguem normas internacionais.

4. Passagem Inocente e Trânsito Internacional

Navios de qualquer país podem atravessar águas territoriais, desde que não ameacem a segurança do Estado costeiro.

5. Proteção do Meio Ambiente Marinho

Os Estados são responsáveis por evitar poluição e proteger os ecossistemas marinhos.