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CAUSES: The exact causes for developing asthma are unknown and may be different from person to person.

Symptoms:

Shortness of breath

Chest tightness or pain

Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common sign of asthma in children

Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of breath, coughing or wheezing

Coughing or wheezing attacks that are worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold or the flu

Risk factors:

Indoor allergens

Outdoor allergens

Infections

Poor air quality

PREVALENCE: Asthma usually starts during childhood when the body’s defense system is still taking shape. Asthma usually starts during childhood when the body’s defense system is still taking shape.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT:

Tests to measure lung function

Spirometry

Treatment:

salbutamol (bronchodilators)

Ways to manage or prevent

A quick-relief inhaler can ease your symptoms right away.

THE IMPACT OF THE ILLNESS:

The impact can be significant if the disease is very aggressive, but it is usually easily controlled, and the only impact could be economic after the constant purchase of inhalers

Asthma. (2024, April 6). Retrieved on September 2, 2024, from Mayoclinic.org website: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369660

Causes and triggers. (s/f). Retrieved on September 2, 2024, from NHLBI, NIH website: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/causes

Hashmi, M. F., & Cataletto, M. E. (2024) Asthma. StatPearls Publishing

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Causes: The variola virus causes smallpox; there are two varients:

• Variola major: Caused most of the cases and the most deaths

• Variola minor: Is less severe, and it was only fatal in 1 % of cases.

Symptoms: High fever, severe headache, backache, stomach pain, extreme fatigue and weakness, vomiting, rash, sores.

Risk factors: Even though smallpox has been declared eradicated; a person is in danger if they come into touch with the variola virus or an infectious smallpox carrier

Prevalence: Is the only human disease that has been successfully eradicated; but the last naturally occurring case was in Somalia in 1977.

Diagnosis: Can be diagnosed based on the patient´s signs and symptoms; but it can be definitively diagnosed by isolation of the virus from the blood or by the identification of antibodies made in response to the virus.

Treatment: Vaccine administered up to 4 days after exposure to the virus, and before the rash appears.

Ways to manage or prevent: It could be prevented by vaccination.

How the illness impacts the …´s lives and their families: Most people with smallpox recovered, but 3 out of every 10 people with the disease died; many smallpox survivors have permanent scars over large areas of their body.

Bibliography

Smallpox. (2024, May 1). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10855-smallpox

Smallpox. (October 2011). https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/smallpox/fact_sheet#:~:text=Smallpox%20can%20be%20diagnosed%20based,in%20response%20to%20the%20virus.

Medicover Hospitals, M. (n.d.). Small pox: Causes, symptoms, risk factors & diagnosis. Best Hospitals in Karimnagar | Medicover Hospitals. https://www.medicoverhospitals.in/diseases/small-pox/

Ochmann, S., Dattani, S., & Roser, M. (2024, February 29). Smallpox. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/smallpox

What is Smallpox? | Smallpox | CDC. (n.d.). https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html#:~:text=People%20who%20had%20smallpox%20had,Some%20are%20left%20blind.

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Causes: Many viruses can cause a common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause, the virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes or nose.

Symptoms: common col symptoms start 1 to 3 days after someone is exposed to a cold virus. They can include: Runny or stuffy nose.

Sore or scratchy throat.

Cough.

Sneezing.

Generally feeling unwell.

Slight body aches or a mild headache.

Low-grade fever.

RISK FACTORS: These factors can increase the chances of getting a cold…

Age.

Weakened immune system.

Time of year.

Smoking.

Exposure.

PREVALENCE: Less resistance. A child's immune system is not as strong as an adult's when it comes to fighting cold germs.

Diagnosis and treatment options: You usually don't need medical care for a common cold and most people with a common cold can be diagnosed by their symptoms.

There's no cure for the common cold. Most cases of the common cold get better without treatment within 7 to 10 days.

But there’s some care tips include:

Rest.

Drink plenty of liquids.

Humidify the air.

Use saline nasal rinses.

PREVENTION:

There’s no vaccine for the common cold but you can follow some recommendations as…

wash you hands

Clean and desinfect surfaces

Don’t share drinks and aliments

Stay away from people with colds

THE IMPACT OF THE ILLNES:

A simple cold has no a relevant impact in the child’s but it can be positive to strengthen the immune system of the pediatrics

Common cold. (2023, May 24). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/symptoms-causes/syc-20351605

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CAUSES:

Threshold levels to define vitamin D deficiency vary by professional society but most set 20 ng/mL as cutoff for deficiency.

95% of cases of vitamin D deficiency are due to deficient dietary intake of cholecalciferol (D₃)/ergocalciferol(D₂), or deficient cutaneous synthesis of cholecalciferol.

SYMPTOMS

Severe and long-standing deficiency can present with hypocalcemia or physical signs suggestive of rickets, such as:

Short stature/delayed growth

Thickened wrists and ankles

Long bone bowing

Rachitic rosary (beading of the ribs)

Pectus carinatum (highly prominent sternum)

GROUP OF PEOPLE

to children from 6 months to 18 years

RISK FACTORS

Factors reducing exposure of skin to solar UV-B

Prolonged and exclusive

Eating disorders (eg, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa)

Picky eating in which children exclude milk and milk products, eggs, and other dietary sources of vitamin D

Lactose intolerance causing avoidance of milk

Chronic kidney disease

DIAGNOSIS

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level test is the gold standard and definitive

TREATMENT

Vitamin D replacement therapy on a daily or weekly regimen is appropriate for all cases of vitamin D deficiency.

When levels are back to within reference range, replacement. dose may be lowered to a maintenance dose.

PREVENT

Adequate dietary intake of 400 international units/day or greater for neonates to infants aged 1 year; 600 international units/day or greater for children and adolescents aged 1 to 18 years

ILLNESS IMPACTS THE…´S LIVES AND THEIR FAMILIES

Pediatric diabetes impacts parents by causing emotional stress, increasing daily responsibilities, imposing financial burdens, limiting social activities, and affecting mental health, which can lead to burnout.

REFERENCES

ClinicalKey. (s. f.-b). https://www.clinicalkey.es/#!/content/clinical_overview/67-s2.0-19aa324b-5e54-4199-b264-1fdf1dbc2706

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Causes: Is caused by a bacterium or virus in the middle ear, often results from other ilnnes like cold, flu or allergy.

Symptoms:

• Children: Ear pain, tugging or pulling at an ear, trouble sleeping, crying more than usual, loss of balance, fever, drainage of fluid from the ear.

• Adults: Ear pain, drainage of fluid from the ear, trouble hearing

Risk factors: Children between the ages of 6 months and 2 years, infant feeding, seasonal factor, poor air quality, Alaska Native heritage.

Prevalence

Ear infections are more common among Alaska Natives, because of the lack of access to running water in the home

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Diagnosis: Can usually diagnose based on the symptoms you describe, and the doctor will look at the ears with an otoscope.

Treatment: Some resolve without antibiotic treatment, but it is suggested that treatment with antibiotic might be helpful for certain children with ear infection.

Ways to manage or prevent: Ear infections can’t always be avoided, but there are ways to reduce the risk.

Control allergies

Get vaccinated

Practice good hygiene

Keep ears clean and dry

How the illness impacts the …´s lives and their families:

This disease does not have a negative impact on the family, it is only to take care of yourself and maintain good hygiene

Ear infection (middle ear) - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic. (2021, June 23). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/symptoms-causes/syc-20351616

Ear infection (middle ear) - Diagnosis & treatment - Mayo Clinic. (2021, June 23). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ear-infections/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351622

Hicks, K. L., Robler, S. K., Platt, A., Morton, S. N., Egger, J. R., & Emmett, S. D. (2022). Environmental Factors for Hearing Loss and Middle Ear Disease in Alaska Native Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis from a Cluster Randomized Trial. Ear And Hearing, 44(1), 2–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/aud.0000000000001265

Jones, H. (2023, December 9). How to prevent ear infections and fluid in the ears. Verywell Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-to-prevent-ear-infections-5180181

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CAUSES

Characterized by permanent insulinopenia but absence of antibodies against β-cells

SYMPTOMS

Most common presenting symptoms Polyuria Polydipsia Nocturia Polyphagia Unexplained weight loss Less common symptoms at presentation Nausea or vomiting Abdominal pain Fatigue Blurred vision Commonly missed scenarios in children Onset of enuresis in a previously toilet-trained child Perineal candidiasis, especially in prepubertal girls Chronic weight loss or failure to gain weight in a growing child Irritability and deteriorating school performance Recurrent skin infections

GROUP OF PEOPLE

Type 1 diabetes accounts for most cases of diabetes diagnosed in childhood

RISK FACTORS

Clustering with other autoimmune disorders associated with genetic susceptibility Recurrent viral respiratory tract infections during the first 6 months of life are associated with slightly increased risk Season of birth Season of onset Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is common at onset of type 1 diabetes in children COVID-19 infection may trigger onset or unmask type 1 diabetes Birth size

DIAGNOSIS

2 diagnostic test results from among the following 3 tests, using the same or 2 different types of tests and the same or 2 different test samples Hemoglobin A1C measurement of 6.5% or higher Fasting plasma glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher (no caloric intake for at least 8 hours before blood draw) 2-hour plasma glucose measurement of 200 mg/dL or higher during an oral glucose tolerance test (rarely used for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus)

TREATMENT

A specialized pediatric diabetes care team is ideal. • Refer all patients to a pediatric endocrinologist for insulin management. • Refer to a dietitian experienced in pediatric diabetes. • Refer to an ophthalmologist for retinopathy screening from age 11 or at puberty onset after 3-5 years of diabetes. • Refer to a nephrologist if elevated urinary albumin is detected. • Refer to a mental health professional for psychosocial support.

PREVENT

Teplizumab is the only drug approved by the FDA to delay the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes mellitus; can be considered for children aged 8 years or older with stage 2 type 1 diabetes mellitus

ILLNESS IMAPACTS IN THEIR FAMILIES

Pediatric diabetes impacts parents by causing emotional stress, increasing daily responsibilities, requiring lifestyle changes, imposing financial burdens, limiting social activities, and affecting mental health, which can lead to burnout.

DiMeglio, L. A., Evans-Molina, C., & Oram, R. A. (2018). Type 1 diabetes. Lancet, 391(10138), 2449–2462. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31320-5