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- The search for objectivity is problematic – the end of dichotomization

(To separate into two parts)

-  Facts as seen by researchers are full of meaning (topic, area, type of questions)

-  Empathic neutrality: through empathy, researcher expresses interest and care for the subject. Neutrality means no judgment on what people have to say and what they do during the data collection (open stance)

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Quantitative Sampling: focus on numbers and representativeness

Qualitative Sampling: focus more on the depth of understanding the phenomenon

How to define people and how many?

-  Convenience sampling – volunteer or self-identify

-  Quota sampling – selected according to specific criteria (e.g. demographic characteristic)

-  Snowball or nominated sample – participants recruit other participants know to meet the criteria fo the study

-  Data saturation

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Ethnography – descriptive studies of culture and people

-  Background: anthropology

-  Main objective: developing cultural sensitivity, uncovering practices

-  Methods: interviews and participant observation – interpret data in the perspective of participants – case study: describe a particular case in detail

Grounded Theory

-  Background: sociology – sociologists Glaser and Strauss

-  Main objective: Social theory created from data

-  The explanation that emerged from the phenomenon are turned into new theories (concepts and catagories)

-  Methods – interviews and observation – Theoretical saturation

Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA)

-  Background: Psychological approach

-  Main Objective: focused on the lived experience of human beings and how they make sense of their lives

-  Method – semi structured interviews – the analysis takes into account researcher and researched perspective

Discourse Analysis

-  Background: Psychology – critical theorists

-  Main Objective: Interested how discourses are organized (how they present a world view, how they persuade, how they are utilized) – interested in it’s function as well as its context

-  Method: Analysis of text and language

Narrative Analysis

-  Background: Literature, linguistics, phenomenology, anthropology

-  Main Objective: Focus on people’s stories – study of life experiences – transformations and transitions

-  Methods: Differs from unstructured interviews. Participants guide the data collection process. Sequential unfolding of someones stories

Complexity Theory

-  Background: Complexity Sciences

-  Main Objective: Studying dynamical systems – understanding emergence – self organization – non linear processes

-  Methods: Language and interpretive stance – Interviews – group processes

Social Constructionist

-  Background: sociology – Psychology

-  Knowledge and meaning are created among people, in social interaction, embedded in context, culture and full of ideologies

-  Main Objective: Understanding social processes – the pragmatics of social reality – how people construct their social reality – what is their meaning

-  Methods: social poetics, thematic analysis, etc

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- Theoretical Framework of Research: to place the subject in the academic world; to place

yourself, which lens you're using, where you come from, your assumptions.

- Context of the Research: where you are placed.

- Participants: decide on research questions – chosen on possible contributions to the study – researcher is also considered a participant.

- Data collection:

- Data analysis:

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Method-Tool

Methodology- Science

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NOT to find the ultimate truth but to find multiple ways of meaning in the world around us.

Create new actions, new possibilities, systematize practices, produce new knowledge.

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1. Participant observation

2.Mobile interview

3. ?

4. ?

Data Collection instruments:

- Interviews

- Observations

- Reports

- Field notes

- Focus groups

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1. Thematic analysis

2. Social Poetics

3. Discourse analysis

4.Content analysis

Data analysis (Qualitative)

- Stage 1: Transcription

- Stage 2: Organizing your data

- Stage 3: Familiarization

- Stage 4: Coding

- Stage 5: Theme determination

- Stage 6: Re-coding

- Stage 7: Development of categories

- Stage 8: Exploration of relationships between categories

- Stage 9: Development of theory and incorporation of pre-existing knowledge (Grounded)

- Stage 10: Testing of theory against the data

- Stage 11: Report writing

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Understand objectivity, rigor and validity of a research from the imagineering perspective

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Understand objectivity, rigor and validity of a research from the imagineering perspective

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Rigour of a research: Integrity and competence of the research

It is the reliability and trustworthiness of the method(s) used

How do you demonstrate reliability, competence and consistence? By clearly exposing the methods of data collection and analysis: thick and sophisticated description Worldview of the researcher (Researcher perspective - reflexivity)

Validity:

Researchers reject the absolutist version of “Truth” and look at socially situated truths which are context-linked -->

► Validity of the interpretation:

Ability of accurately interprete the data collected. (adequate and systematic use of the original data with the right method)

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Understand and write a theoretical framework of a research

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Understand and write a theoretical framework of a research