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Unit 2

Reading 1, page 18

1)The model for 21st-century organisations will be decentralised structures, similar to “starfish organisations” that have no central point of control and where every part can communicate and act independently.

2)The biggest challenge will be getting people to work together in a systematic way, like an orchestra — coordinating the talents and actions of various players to produce a desired result.

3) Other challenges include: Managing knowledge workers who work independently or remotely;

Motivating and coordinating talented people who value autonomy;

Providing the right environment and equipment to help them perform at their best;

Adapting leadership styles to be more like conductors of orchestras than military commanders.

4) they are not ready to make the sacrifices required, especially in their personal lives, as the workload and responsibility of leadership roles have become too great.

Vocabulary 1 page 20

1)temporary

2)tenacity

3)systematic

4)adequate

5)peak

6)shrunk

7)appropriate

8)regimented

Vocabulary 2 page 20

1)net speak

2)information overload

3)credit crunch

4)core competency

5)best practice

6)team player

7)bottom line

8)social networking

Usage 1 page 20

1)theatre troupes(simile), players(metaphor)

2)a performance(metaphor)

3)players, musicians(simile)

4)conductors(simile)

5)audiences(metaphor)

6)orchestra, ensemble(metaphor)

7)better music(metaphor)

8)Stradivarius, instrument(metaphor)

9)musical score(metaphor)

Reading 2 page 21

1) It is difficult because many large companies have grown through multiple mergers and acquisitions, so it is unclear to what extent they are directly descended from their original founders.

2) The oldest companies usually come from industries such as construction, hospitality, and building.

3) Most businesses fail within the first five years of their existence.

4) According to William O’Hara, family unity, trust, and the tradition of primogeniture (eldest son inheriting) have helped family businesses survive across generations.

5) John Davis identifies three factors: The family must reinvent itself every generation; The next generation must be prepared to manage both the business and the family spirit; Successful succession (transfer of leadership) is crucial for survival.

Language check page 22

1)Acrticles: the, an, a

Possessive adjectives: our, its

Demonstrative adjectives: those, this

Quantifies: next six, few, all, three, some, half, each

Wh determiners: whatever, whose

Negative determiners: neither, no more, no

2)1-the, so. 2-the, the, the. 3-, 4-, 5-,6-.

7-the. 8-a

Practice page 23

1)whose 2)the 3)whatever 4)no 5)neither 6)few 7)its 8)any 9)a 10)one

Career skills page 24

1)b 2)e 3)a 4)d 5)c

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UNIT 3

Preview 1 page 28

1)no, 2)yes, 3)yes, 4)yes, 5)yes, 6)no, 7)no, 8)yes, 9)no, 10)no, 11)yes, 12)yes, 13)yes, 14)yes

Reading 1 page 28

1)3-4 paragraph: He restructured the company by cutting costs, simplifying its structure, and focusing again on customer service and the development of new products. He stopped expensive advertising, outsourced part of the production, strengthened research and development, and introduced a quality control system.

2)1 paragraph: The company increased its market share in the US thanks to the success of major ice-cream chains such as Cold Stone, which used Carpigiani’s machines, making them widely recognized and preferred in the American market.

3)2 Paragraph: The decline was caused by complacency after the death of one of the founders, a fall in product quality, an increase in customer complaints, weak technical development, and a drop in the company’s market share.

4)6 paragraph: Globalisation helped Carpigiani enter new markets, such as China, and promoted the spread of Italian gelato culture. However, it also subjected the company to stricter international regulations and increased competition from cheaper rivals.

5)5 paragraph: The company is now back on track, with a functioning quality control system, increased investment in research, stable production, and strong collaboration with universities.

6)4 paragraph: Gino Cocchi said the company had forgotten the importance of customer service and the need to constantly innovate with new products.

Vocabulary 1 page 30

A)stiffer competition, extravagance, complaints, complacency, stagnated

B)simplified, reinforce, scrapped, overhaul, cost-cutting

Vocabulary 2 page 30

counteract, react, outcome, reconsider, subcontract, outdate, redesign, subdivide, underestimate, overestimate, degrade, relocate, undermanage, cooperate, outperform, overvalue

Practice page 30

1)counteract, 2)complaints, 3)stiffer competition, 4)redesigning, 5)relocating, 6)reconsidering, 7)underestimated, 8)complacency, 9)react

Usage 1 page 31

1)d, 2)f, 3)c, 4)a, 5)h, 6)e, 7)b, 8)g

Usage 2 page 31

1)covering on their tracks, 2)to keep track, 3)lost track of, 4)a proven track record, 5)are on the right track, 6)backtrack, 7)fast track, 8)keep track of

Reading 2 page 32

1) Dell became successful due to its new business model of mass customisation and selling directly to consumers. The company allowed customers to configure their own computers and delivered them quickly while keeping prices low.

2) Dell’s market share fell because customisation became a commodity and competitors adopted similar strategies. Additionally, customer service began to decline, the company faced supply chain problems, and other brands like Hewlett-Packard gained market strength.

3) Exploring social media, launching IdeaStorm to collect customer suggestions, selling in shops again, diversifying its product range, improving customer service, and restructuring its mindset and supply chain to support new strategies.

4) Dell’s change framework corresponds best to a cultural and strategic transformation model, as it requires a shift in mindset among employees and a complete overhaul of the company’s way of operating.

Language check page 33

1)b, 2)e, 3)a, 4)f, 5)c, 6)d

Practice page 33

1)have emerged, 2)is beginning, 3)would be operated, 4) was working 5)became, 6)poured 7)are soaring, 8)is coming, 9)are reinventing, 10)are looking, 11)will live

Career skills page 34

1)b, 2)a, 3)d, 4)f, 5)c, 6)e

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Unit 4

Reading 1 p41

Paragraph 1-3: Setting objectives, the name of the game, A little bit of everything

Paragraph 4-6: Growth sector, keeping watch, getting greener

Paragraph 7-9: Giving it away, dealing with danger, getting together

Paragraph 10-12: Opportunity knocks, unanswered questions, making business sense

Reading 2 p41

Paragraph 2-4. CSR has many names and meaning

Companies use different terms like corporate citizenship or sustainable business, but all mean showing responsibility and doing good. It’s often used as business language to show accountability and leadership. CSR covers a wide range of activities. It includes everything from volunteering in local communities to environmental protection.Because the topic is so broad, many companies struggle to choose what to focus on. CSR is becoming more popular and visible. Companies actively promote their good deeds to the public. CEOs speak at conferences about their sustainability and social initiatives. Firms are competing to appear ethical and environmentally conscious.

Paragraphs 7–10: Components of CSR

There are 3 main components described: 1) Risk Management. Emerged in the 1980s after industrial disasters like Bhopal and Exxon Valdez. Companies use CSR to manage their reputations and reduce risks of public backlash. 2)Transparency and Cooperation. Companies work with NGOs and governments, publish codes of conduct, and make operations more transparent. They also collaborate with competitors to set standards and share best practices.

3)Opportunity and Value Creation. The newest and most positive trend: CSR can create business opportunities and competitive advantages. “Doing well by doing good” — companies can profit while being responsible.

Vocabulary 1 page 42

1)sustainable, 2)accountability, 3)triple bottom line, 4)citizenship, 5)carbon-neutral, 6)transparency

Vocabulary 2 p 42

environmental: activist, group, safety, policy, pollution

financial: advisor, aid, analysis, highlights, service, year

corporate: culture, earnings finance, governance identity, life office , officers, strategy

competitive: advantage, edge, field, position, price, sport, market, strategy

Usage p43

2)comes under, 3)do battle with, 4)take a serious look at, 5)made up of, 6)put to good use, 7)shape opinion, 8)get ahead of the game

Language check p44

1)on the one hand-on the other hand

2)not only-but also; both-and; one-another

3)either-or; whether-or

4)once-then

5)as-so

6)neither-nor

Practice 1 p44

1)either-or, 2)Once-then, 3)As-so, 4)neither-nor,5)whether-or

Practice 2 p44

1)The more cars there are on the road, the greater the impact of pollution.

2)The more expensive fuel is, the less people use their cars.

3)The more responsible companies are, the more attractive they are to job applicants.

4)The lighter a vehicle is, the less energy it uses.

5)The lower the per capita income, the harder it is to implement sustainable policies.

Reading 2 p45

1)The main purpose of this document is to explain what greenwashing is and raise awareness about companies that falsely claim to be environmentally friendly. It was likely prepared by environmental organisations or universities to educate consumers and promote honest business practices.

2)This type of document might influence business organisations by encouraging them to adopt genuine environmental policies and avoid misleading advertising, since customers become more aware and critical of false “green” claims.

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Unit 5

Reading 1 p50

1)The biggest mistake was underestimating Japanese corporate culture — they tried to apply aggressive American-style “shareholder capitalism” to Japan. Warren Lichtenstein’s plan to “educate and enlighten” Japanese management with American-style capitalism alienated Bull-Dog Sauce’s management and shareholders.

2)Bull-Dog’s board stopped the takeover by introducing a “poison pill” defence, which issued new shares to all shareholders except Steel Partners. This diluted Steel’s stake and blocked its takeover attempt.

3)Evidence includes: Shareholders in Tokyo Kohtetsu rejected a merger plan for the first time in Japan, showing a shift toward valuing shareholder opinions. The Japanese government introduced two models of corporate governance, encouraging companies to adopt a more American-style system with audit, remuneration, and nomination committees.

Vocabulary 1 p52

1)greenmailer

2)poison pill

3)share swap

Vocabulary 2 p52

1) A merger plan is a business proposal or agreement where two companies decide to combine into one. The plan describes how their shares, assets, and management will be joined together.

2)Shareholder value means the financial worth or benefit that shareholders (people who own company shares) get from a company’s performance. It includes profits, dividends, and growth in the company’s stock price.

3)Shareholder capitalism is an economic system where a company’s main goal is to increase profits and value for its shareholders, often focusing on short-term financial returns rather than the interests of employees, customers, or society.

Vocabulary 3 p52

1)give 2)accept 3)pass 4)mount 5)uphold 6)hold

Vocabulary 4 p52

claim a right, face a challenge, have a view, issue a challenge, table a motion, establish a right

Vocabulary 2 - p52

1)deep-rooted, fast-paced, hard-hit, far-fetched, long-forgotten

Vocabulary 2 - p53

1)hard-hit, 2)deep-rooted, 3)close-run, 4)far-fetched, 5)fast-paced, 6)long-forgotten

Usage p53

1)d 2)f 3)c 4)a 5)b 6)c

Reading 2 p 54

1)No, it is not high

2) No, bad governance is not the main reason. The text explains that in America, even as corporate governance improved and shareholders monitored pay more closely, executive pay still rose. This shows that high pay is not only caused by poor governance, but also by competition for talent and company growth.

3)No, it would not be a good idea. The article says such laws would be too broad and ineffective. They could push managers away from listed companies, make pay packages more complicated, and harder to monitor. Instead, shareholders should have the right to vote on pay to keep boards accountable.

Language check 1 p55

1)anyway, first of all, by the way, by and large

2)to sum up, on the whole, furthermore

3)for instance, then, unfortunately, so, luckily

Language check 2 p55

1)to sum up, by and large, on the whole

2)for instance, such as

3)unfortunately, luckily

4)finally, then, furthermore

5)anyway, actually, by the way

Practice p55

1)Genereally speaking, 2)such as, 3)for instance, 4)in fact, 5)surprisingly, 6)quite, 7)especially, 8)as a matter of fact, 9)for example, 10)initially, 11)so

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page 69 Vocabulary

1. shipping and handling-h (storing, packing, and sending goods)

2. hire-k (employ)

3. warehouse-i (place to store goods)

4. phase-f (step or stage)

5. specification-e (detail or aspect of a plan)

6. schedule-j (timetable or plan of time for doing things)

7. preliminary-c (something that comes first with other things following)

8. breakdown-a (failure)

9. delay-d (slow down something in progress)

10. deadline - g (a date or time before which something must be done)

11. fixed - b (not able to be moved; not flexible)

Page 70 Reviewing the case

1.Because they needed a Swiss software and engineering company to develop a new computerized system for their shipping and handling department.

2.The plan had four phases. They decided on the software needs in Phase 1 (preliminary specifications).

3.No, it wasn’t. They used English and had no difficulty speaking to each other.

4.Plans: Italian- The Swiss reject new ideas, even if the ideas are useful.

Deadlines. Italian- (The Italian team does not directly complain about deadlines in the story)

Swiss-The Italians are often late, so the deadlines are not being met.

Schedules: Italian- The Swiss require fixed (strict) dates for everything.

Swiss- The Italian team’s new ideas cause delays and disrupt the schedule.

Page 71 Additional Grammar exercises

Ex 1:

2)She doesn’t work on Fridays.

3)She only has a part-time job now.

4)When does she come to the office?

5)Well, she comes in from Monday to Thursday,

6)but she doesn’t stay all day.

7)She usually starts at 9.00

8)and gets home at about 2.15.

Ex 2:

2)make, 3)goes, 4)rise, 5)feel, 6)spend, 7)helps, 8)lead

Ex 3:

1.there is a train at 12.47

2.that arrives at 2.50

3.but it stops at most of the main stations

4.that gets there before 3.00?

5.there is an Intercity Express

6.that gets in at five past

7.When does it leave?

8.It goes at 1.15

9.Are there any buses to East Street?

10.there is a bus that runs every ten minutes

11.it takes about five minute

Ex 4:

2.A stockbroker buys and sells stocks and shares.

3.An architect designs houses.

4.Venture capitalists invest in small, high-risk companies.

5.Auditors check the accounts of a company.

6.Management consultants advise companies on how they should be run.

7.A journalist writes articles for a newspaper.

8.Personnel officers arrange interviews.

Ex 5:

1.I usually get to work by car, but sometimes I take a taxi

2.It takes me about twenty minutes to get to university.

3.In the mornings, I check my emails, plan my tasks for the day, and start working on my main projects.

4.I usually eat something simple, like rice with chicken or a salad.

5.In the afternoons, I continue my work or go to classes, depending on the day.

6.I usually finish my studies at around six o’clock.

7.At the weekends, I relax, meet my friends, and spend time with my family.

Page 73 Present continues:

Ex 1:

1.are you doing

2.I am attending

3.are you staying

4.The recession is affecting us

5.we are not spending

6.we are not getting many new orders

7.everyone is trying

8.companies are not buying new equipment

9.our Training Division is not doing very well

10.our Financial Services Division is managing

11.people are looking

Ex 2:

2)are selling, 3)are shrinking, 4)are spending, 5)are turning, 6)is beginning, 7)becoming, 8)are beginning

Ex 3:

2.Something is going wrong with the air conditioning.

3. They’re using it at the moment.

4. She’s talking to the new manager.

5.The CEO is speaking.

Ex 4:

1.What are you studying these days? I’m studying management and improving my English.

2.What training courses are you doing? I’m doing a course in project management and data analysis.

3.What examinations or professional qualifications are you studying for? I’m preparing for my master’s exams.

4.What other aims and objectives are you trying to achieve outside studies?

I’m trying to develop my communication skills and work on my startup projects.

Ex 6:

2.Nowadays, cars are becoming safer.

3.These days, Japanese cars are gaining popularity.

4.Reliability is improving all the time.

5.Electric cars are becoming more common.

6.Pollution is decreasing slowly.

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Artificial Intelligence in Education: For and Against

Nowadays, artificial intelligence is becoming an important part of modern education. Many students and teachers use AI tools every day, and there is a lot of discussion about their benefits and drawbacks.

On the one hand, AI can greatly improve the learning process. For instance, it can provide quick access to information and offer explanations in a simple way. In addition, AI can personalize learning, helping students study at their own pace. It also saves time for teachers by checking homework or preparing materials automatically. Therefore, lessons can become more effective and more engaging.

On the other hand, there are several disadvantages to using AI in education. Firstly, students may become too dependent on technology and lose the ability to think critically. Secondly, AI can’t replace real teachers, who understand emotions and can motivate students. Moreover, there is a risk of receiving incorrect information, since AI is not always perfect.

To sum up, although artificial intelligence has both advantages and disadvantages, I believe it can be a useful tool in education if it is used responsibly. Students should still develop their own skills, while AI should only support, not replace, the learning process

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Lesson 1

1.5

2)As you may know, we're going to look at the site.

3)As you might know, Keypoint specialises in security services.

4)As you probably know, Midland Furniture is planning to expand.

6)Do you know how old this building is?

7)Do you know where the trucks will enter?

8)Do you know what Midland Furniture makes?

9)Do you know which countries they export to?

1.8

a-block, b-floors,c-canteen,d-room, e-toilets,f-room, g-offices, h-room,I-shop,j-area

1.12

a) -, b)a, c)-, d)-, e)an, f)the

1.13

Jeff lists 11 offices and rooms: the reception area, the staff canteen, the toilets, the rest room, the first-aid room, the open-plan office for the secretaries and computer operators, the boardroom, Jeff's office, two offices for department heads, and the boss's office.

1.14

2 Location and general description

The factory is located

The factory is located on Farm Lane Estate, in an industrial area outside the town. The site is reached by a single access road and is set back from the main road.

There are two buildings

There are two buildings on the site: a main factory building and a smaller office/store building. The main building is large and functional, with wide doors for deliveries, while the smaller building is used for administration and storage.

3 Proposed use

The factory will be used for

The factory will be used for the manufacture of furniture. Most work will take place inside the main building (cutting, assembling, finishing and packing). In the grounds there will be deliveries and collections, vehicle parking and storage of materials.

4 Security: strong and weak points

4.1 Strong points

1. massive gates

2. limited access to the site (one entrance)

3. clear visibility across the yard

4. solid main building structure

5. lockable internal rooms for storage

4.2 Weak points

1. poor fence

2. several areas can be entered from the side/back of the site

3. inadequate lighting around the buildings at night

4. no clear CCTV coverage of the entrance and yard

5. doors and windows could be forced without an alarm system

5 Recommendations

5.2

Install security lighting and CCTV to cover the gates, the yard and all external doors. Fit an intruder alarm on both buildings and introduce a key-control procedure (restricted access and a sign-out log). Regular security patrols should also be considered, especially at night and at weekends.

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2.3

a)Marketing, b)reports, c)Chairman, d)Factory, e)department, f)Managing

2.5

1 ... you've only been with us a week or so

2 How would you like to ...

3 Harold Young (Company Secretary)

4 Sarah Street (Marketing Director)

5 Hamish McTam (Technical Director)

2.6

1)The Client Services Manager

2)The Personnel Manager

3)The Managing Director

4)The Technical Director

5)Personnel Records

6)The Sales Manager

7)The Chief Accountant

8)The wastepaper basket!

9)The Client Services Manager

10)The Office Manager

2.7

2 The turnover in nineteen eighty-nine was six point five million.

3 The pre-tax profit in nineteen ninety was two point seven million.

4 The earnings per share in nineteen eighty-nine were three point oh one pence.

5 The estimated turnover for nineteen ninety-two is sixteen point seven million.

6 The best year for Keypoint was nineteen ninety-one.

2.8

a)capital, b shares, c)dividend, d)turnover,e)profit, f)earnings

2.10

1)each, 2)all, 3)all, 4)all, 5)each,6)each,7)all

2.14

1 Hm. Well. I don't know. Er - ...

2 You're joking! Another incentive scheme?

3 you've more or less got to give them to everyone ... Otherwise you get bad feeling among the staff.

4 I wrote a great long memo ... Never even had an acknowledgement!

2.16

Company Profile: Keypoint Ltd

Keypoint Ltd is a public company specialising in industrial and domestic security. The company provides a wide range of security equipment and services, including burglar alarm systems, electronic security products, safe deposit facilities, and the delivery of cash, wage packets, and other valuables. Keypoint Ltd was established in 1985 and has since developed a strong reputation in the security sector. The company’s head office and main factory are located in Stevenage. At present, Keypoint Ltd employs approximately 350 people.

The company is organised as follows. There are five directors on the Board, two of whom are non-executive directors. The posts of Chairman and Managing Director are held by separate individuals. The work of the company is divided among four main departments: Operations, Finance, Sales and Marketing, and Human Resources. The Company Secretary is responsible for legal and administrative matters. Each department is headed by a department manager, and all department heads report directly to the Managing Director.

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3.5

1)Joe refers to it as 'That new software engineering post'.

2)The draft job description says the DSEM is responsible for 'maintaining the strictest security ...'.

3)Pilar says 'We can't afford to be that specific.'

4)The advertisement says 'an expanding multinational corporation'.

5)The advertisement says 'to build and take charge of an enthusiastic team'.

6)The advertisement says 'rapid career development for a high-flier'.

3.6

A)advertisements, B)Appointments, C)Qualifications, D)experience, E)interview, F)applications

3.10

a)The thirteenth of May nineteen sixty-one.

b)I attended the Senior High School in Santander from nineteen seventy-six to nineteen seventy-nine.

C)I got the High School Graduation Certificate.

D)I did military service for twelve months.

E)I went to the University of Zaragoza.

f)Yes, a BSc in Computer Studies.

G)No, I went to the University of Madrid, where I got my PhD in Systems Engineering.

H)Nineteen eighty-seven

I)I took a year off and, with some friends, I sailed round the world.

J)I went to the Franco-ltalian Bank in Milan. I worked there from nineteen eighty-eight to nineteen eighty-nine.

K)I was a Systems Analyst.

L)I worked for one year with a company in Paris called ILE as a Control Systems Supervisor. Then I came to England to work for Topdown Systems as a Client Consultant, but last July I was promoted to Senior Software Development Engineer.

3.12

1)For about two years, from 1990 until now.

2)From 1988 to 1989.

3)From 1979 to 1980.

4)Yes, in 1987 and 1988 when I sailed round the world.

5)Yes, for five years, from 1980 to 1985, when I was at university.

6)I was born in Santander and I went to school there, so from 1961 to 1979.

7)For about a year, in 1989 and 1990.

8)From 1980 to 1987.

3.14

1. I don't want to say anything about this officially yet - this is just between you and me.

2. you think it's time you moved on...

3. OK, Carlos, thanks for telling me.

4. If anything does!

5. Actually, ... They sound quite interested.

3.17

We would be grateful if you could advise us on the length of Dr. Vila’s employment with Topdown Systems and outline the roles he has undertaken during this period.

Additionally, we would welcome further information regarding his personal competencies. The position demands strong leadership qualities, effective communication skills, the ability to work well within a team, and a high level of proficiency in English.

In your assessment, would Dr. Vila be well suited to a senior management role within an expanding multinational organisation?

Thank you in advance for your cooperation.

Yours faithfully,

J. Andrews

Staff Controller

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4.1

Joe says 'He looks quite good on paper', and Pilar says 'he's very sound, technically'. Both of these comments show that they have some doubts. Pilar also says that he 'didn't sound very confident in either Spanish or English'. He is not likely to get the job.

4.2

Joe makes the interview a formal one by introducing everyone by their family name, title and job title for himself and Pilar, and by using the formal 'Good afternoon' as a greeting.

4.3

The way Joe handles the whole conversation shows that he is not too impressed, but, in particular, he says 'Rather a mixed career so far', 'I'm glad you think so', and 'I see a young man who may well be smart but.

4.5

Yes, he does succeed. Carlos explains how his career changes have helped to develop his computing skills. He also offers a different interpretation of his trip, starting with 'It depends on how you look at it.

4.6

1)maybe you have a point. 2)It was an adventure, of course. 3)we also carried out a research programme for computer-aided satellite navigation. 4)So actually I think it was quite useful. 5)It's been very interesting talking to you, Dr Vila.

4.9

Joe says 'most interesting', 'thank you very much'. Pilar says 'Quite impressive', 'Rather well'.

4.12

Joe and Pilar find the decision difficult. They use lots of words and phrases comparing Carlos and Angela: 'not as fluent as Vila', 'as well as he does, if not better', 'unlike Vila', 'making half what she is', 'compared with Vila', 'he has the edge', 'essential difference between them', 'much more ambitious', 'weigh them both up', 'more varied', 'more highly motivated', 'better at working with people'.

4.13

a)twice, b)half, c)doubled, d)50, e)25, f)twice, g)more, h)twice

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5.2

1)ATTN, 2)ASAP, 3)a vacancy, 4)take up this offer, 5)advise us; inform us, 6)through, 7)please; kindly.

5.4

A)vacancy, b)training, c)to, d)delegates, e) travel, f)flight

5.6

1)My colleagues, 2)a participant, 3)Our company car 4)the course schedule 5)a brief summary

5.9.

1)Carlos thinks he may have made a mistake. Perhaps this isn't Miss Ito, or perhaps he has pronounced 'Ito' wrongly. His voice rises to show that this is really a question. Akiko's voice falls. She is making a statement: 'You are Dr Vila.' 2)Her voice rises quickly on the last word 'flight'.

3)Quite right' means 'exactly right'. 'Quite comfortable' means 'a bit comfortable, but not very'.