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Prenatal (gestational period pre-birth) - 8 weeks

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Prenatal (gestational period pre-birth) - 8 weeks

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This is stage of pregnancy that the embryo has formed into a fetus about the size of a raspberry. The ears are shell shaped, eyes, and nose are forming and becoming more obvious. The limbs are paddle form however the arms are shorter than the legs. The intestines are getting longer and protruding into the umbilical cord.

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The fetus will change from week to week and continue to grow. The first twelve weeks is a group of cells forming into a fetus and forming human features. During this time most people develop unpleasant symptoms like morning sickness and fatigue. This is about the time a positive pregnancy test will occur. Boriak studies says (2021), "These studies show that the events of the prenatal/natal period have a significant impact on the further life of the child. It is a clear fact that close interaction between the mother and the unborn child is confirmed (the child learns to perceive the world together with the mother)." It is important for the mother of the unborn child to have harmonious mental health and eat proper nutrition for a healthy baby and their future outcome. The nutrition and overall health can influence a person's height, genetics plays a significant role. Short parents are more likely to have short children.

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The beginnings of teeth and taste buds are forming. Its muscles are forming and its body shape takes on more of a human appearance. But, its head is still 50% of its length. The fetus is starting to explore a bit by doing things like opening and closing its fists and mouth. Its knees, elbows and ankles are working, but it’s too soon to feel any kicks. The bones are hardening, but its skin is still see-through. Facial features are becoming formed.

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A newborn is an infant in the first 28 days after birth. They are at higher risk for infections because they haven't developed their immune system yet. Bonding with a newborn by cradling, stroking, or holding them skin-to-skin.

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The first year of a baby's life is rapid growth and development. This timeline is the key milestones in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development during this stage. Miller says (2007), "Results showed that for the youngest infants (sensory and motor stage), almost any kind of interactive contact with another human (as long as it included vocalization with smiling and eye-contact) produced responses such as smiling." This level there should be as much interaction with the child as possible for them to reach as many milestones as possible. Keeping in mind that they are learning from what they hear and see.

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The baby is able to sit up with help and able to reach and grab objects physically. Cognitively they will start babbling, show interest to objects, and laugh socially. During these months they become attached to caregivers and become emotionally developed.

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The development improves motor skills, language skills, and cognitive skills. They become attached to certain objects, for example, a favorite stuff animal. Their able to pull themselves up on objects to begin walking.

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Using utensils to feed themselves, turning pages in a book, stacking blocks, scribbling with crayons. Their language development improves to them saying phrases and two letter words. The language fluency is not inherited however, it learned through practice and exposure. For example, a child born to English-speaking parents but raised in a Spanish-speaking environment will learn to speak Spanish.

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Their physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development becomes rapid. This is the time they start to get to know themselves and start taking notice to the things and environment around them.

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This developmental stage is considered crucial because it is a development across physical, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects, including learning basic skills like language, self-care, and social interaction with peers. Learned skills like sharing, taking turns, and empathizing with others are learned behaviors. They are typically taught by parents, teachers, and peers. Tabilyn studies reported (2024), "Data were thematically analysed and key findings suggest children engage and interact with their environment to facilitate opportunities for social interactions and emotional regulation." This level understand basic concepts like time and numbers, and develop more complex language skills.

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The stage of development shows significant growth the child begin showing independency, flexible in their thinking, and confidence in physical activities. Experiences during this time can help children develop a healthy lifestyle and prevent obesity and other serious illnesses.

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The mental development takes off in abstract thinking and able to reason in principles. It is a time for growth spurts and puberty changes. An adolescent may grow several inches in several months followed by a period of very slow growth, then have another growth spurt. There should be understanding in core subjects like math, science, language arts, and history, exploring potential career interests, and developing study habits.

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Andrea Tamblyn, Yihan Sun, Angela North, Nicci Godsman, Crystal Boothby, Helen Skouteris, & Claire Blewitt. (2024). Educators’ Perspectives on the Role the Early Childhood Education and Care Environment Plays in Supporting Children’s Social and Emotional Development. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 49(2), 140–154. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/18369391231221560

Miller, P. M., & Commons, M. L. (2007). Stages of Infant Development, as Illustrated by Responses to the Peek-a-boo Game. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 13, 18–23. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1037/h0100496

Oksana. V. Boriak, Anna Chobanian, Oleksandr Kolyshkin, Yurij Kosenko, Tetiana Dehtiarenko, & Alla Kolyshkina. (2021). Intellectual Disabilities in Preschoolers: Mental Health Determinants during the Prenatal, Natal and Postnatal Development Stages. Mental Health: Global Challenges Journal, 4(2). https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.32437/mhgcj.v4i2.112