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Germany was divided between the U.S.A, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union. Berlin also became a divided city after 1945. In 1949 the western zones introduced the Grundgesetz (The Basic Law). In the western zones, they had free elections, whereas the German Democratic Republic (GDR) had no free elections and no freedom of speech. They were under the control of the Soviet Union. After 1961, people could no longer move between East and West Germany. They used to move to West Germany because of their democratic government, however, they were no longer able to do this because of the wall separating the two sides of Germany. The Death Strip prevented people from crossing the border with its trenches, barbed wire fences, and sentry towers. This displeased people and they began organizing protests in order to gain freedom and civil rights. The protests were successful and they forced the dictatorship to stop trying. The Berlin Wall finally fell on November 9, 1989. In 1990 on October 3, Germany was reunified as one democratic country.

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The first Kaisers (German emperors) were William l, who ruled from 1871-1888, after him, and Frederick lll, who ruled in 1888, after him, ruled William ll. The presidents of the Weimar Republic started with Friedrich Ebert from 1919-1925 and ended with Paul von Hindenburg (1925-33). He then became the chancellor of West Germany until the end of 1934. The next chancellor was Ludwig Ehrhard (1963-1966). Following him was Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1966-69), Willy Brandt (1969-1974), Helmut Schmidt (1974-1982), and Helmut Kohl.

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor ( prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state).

The table provides a chronological list of the leaders of Germany from 1871.
Kaisers of the German Empire

*Upon Hindenburg's death in 1934, the powers of the presidency were merged with those of the chancellor.

**Chancellor from 1933 and Führer ("Leader") from 1934.

***East Germany was governed by interim administrations from December 1989 until the two Germanys were reunited in October 1990.

Presidents of the Weimar Republic Leaders of the Third Reich (National Socialist regime) Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) First (or General) Secretaries of the Socialist Unity Party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany (reunited Germany)
Amy Tikkanen.

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Germany is a federal multiparty republic with two legislative houses. Its government is headed by the chancellor (prime minister), who is elected by a majority vote of the Bundestag (Federal Assembly) upon nomination by the president (head of state). The table provides a chronological list of the

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The revolution started when Louis xvi started acting irresponsibly and spending money on luxuries and lavish goods. The third estate was being taxed more than the other estates and they had the least amount of money. The three estates met to discuss the economic crisis and the third estate got taxed even more. The third estate was mad that they didn't have any representation so they met on a tennis court and agreed to stay united until a constitution was written. The sans-culottes attacked the Bastille on July 14, 1789, in order to weaken the other estates. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was written and published by the date of August 26, 1789. They wrote their declaration with inspiration from the Bill of Rights. A woman under the fake name of Olympe de Gouges wrote a Declaration of Rights of Women. The National Assembly rejected the idea. Mothers were angry that they didn't have enough money to feed their babies while the clergy was carelessly spending their money. These angry mothers started the Women's March on Versailles. They brought back to Paris Louis xvi and his wife Marie Antionette. He was caught trying to escape and got sentenced to death by guillotine along with many others. This time is remembered as the Reign of Terror. This is due to the Committee to Public Safety. Although this committee was put in place in order to make France come off as less chaotic to foreign nations, it ended up causing more deaths. The leader of this committee Robespierre and then became a dictator. While attempting to de-Christianize people began to replace their Christian faith with the cult of reason. During this time months' names were changed in order to make them less Christian. Robespierre was eventually sent to death by guillotine, this inspired the Thermidorian Reaction. The National convention cut down the power of the Committee of Public Safety and stopped Jacobins. After this, churches began to reopen and there was more economic freedom.

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AP EURO: Chapter 19: French Revolution in 3 MINUTES *STUDY FOR AP TEST*

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Napoleon III was the first president of France, this lasted from (1848-1852). From 1804-1814 Napoleon Bonaparte was the French Emperor. Charlemagne was the Holy Roman Emperor from the years 800-814. Marquis de Lafayette was a military leader and aristocrat. Louis XVI of France was the king of France from 1643-1715. Françios Mitterrand had been the president od France from 1981-1995. Someone who was a former president of France and an army officer who led "Free France" in WW II against Nazi Germany.

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France has been a dominant force in Europe and the world over since times immemorial, be it culturally, politically or militarily. A global linchpin of art, fashion, science and literature, it has made significant contribution to the world history in every sphere. Till date, the country remains a great power with substantial cultural, economic, military, and political influence. And much of that wouldn't have been possible had it not been for the chivalrous French leaders who exuded great power, authority and influence to make the country the powerhouse that it is today. Be it the valiant Emperor Napolean I or the heroic King Louis XIV, the exceptional Michel de Montaigne or the Nobel laureate Andre Gide, the avant-garde Erik Satie or the golden age superstar Hector Berlioz, the revolutionary Christian Dior or the contemporary Yves Saint Laurent, the gallant Charles de Gaulle or the pacifist Jean Jaures, French leaders have served as the perfect idols and role models for the world over. They have brought the country to the limelight and made France one of the world capitals in literature, science, music, fashion, commerce, trade, politics, military and tourism. Read this section for the life and works of great French leaders.

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The Greatest French Leaders Every Geek Will Recognize

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France has been a dominant force in Europe and the world over since times immemorial, be it culturally, politically or militarily. A global linchpin of art, fashion, science and literature, it has made significant contribution to the world history in every sphere. Till date, the country remains a great power with substantial cultural, economic, military, and political influence.

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Bolivia was taken under the rule of the Spanish Colonial rule. in the middle of the 16th century. This was know as Charcas. In Latin America the Yukisaka Revolution that eventually led to the Bolivian War of Indepedence, began rising in May 1809. This lasted for sixteen years. Colonial forces began to fade away and the Bolivian independence was proclomated. Their declaration was signed on the fifth of August in the year 1825.

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History of the Holidays: Aug 6th, Bolivian Independence Day

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A former president of Bolivia was Antonio José de Sucre. The 63rd president of Bolivia is Carlos Mesa, he was president from 2003-2005. The Minister of Economy and Public Finance of Bolivia in 2020 was Branko Marinković. The current president of Bolivia is Luis Acre.

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Birthdate: October 26, 1959

Birthplace: Orinoca Canton

Evo Morales was the Bolivian president from 2006 to 2019. Known for his campaign for coca plantations, which some attribute to the growth of illegal cocaine production, he earned the nickname World Hero of Mother Earth. He leads the Movement for Socialism party and is a champion for indigenous rights.

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Famous Bolivian Leaders Every Geek Will Recognize

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Birthdate: October 26, 1959 Birthplace: Orinoca Canton Evo Morales was the Bolivian president from 2006 to 2019. Known for his campaign for coca plantations, which some attribute to the growth of illegal cocaine production, he earned the nickname World Hero of Mother Earth. He leads the Movement for Socialism party and is a champion for indigenous rights.