# data[].attributes.headline
#1 April 9, 1865 The End of the Civil War

# data[].attributes.subject
#1 April 9, 1865 The End of the Civil War

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Appomattox Court House, Virginia
Description: The surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee to Union General Ulysses S. Grant marked the end of the Civil War. This event began the process of Reconstruction and set the stage for the civil rights movements that would follow. Its impact on U.S. history includes the preservation of the Union and the abolition of slavery.

# data[].attributes.headline
#2 April 14, 1865 The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

# data[].attributes.subject
#2 April 14, 1865 The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Ford's Theatre, Washington D.C.
Description: The assassination of President Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth occurred just days after the Civil War ended, affecting national sentiment and the course of Reconstruction. Lincoln’s death shifted the power to Andrew Johnson, whose lenient policies towards the South would influence the contentious post-war era.

# data[].attributes.headline
#3 Passed between 1865 and 1870The Reconstruction Amendments

# data[].attributes.subject
#3 Passed between 1865 and 1870The Reconstruction Amendments

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, known as the Reconstruction Amendments, were crucial in abolishing slavery, defining citizenship, and securing voting rights for African American men. These amendments laid the groundwork for future civil rights advancements and continue to impact legal and social issues in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.headline
#4 May 10, 1869 Transcontinental Railroad Completion

# data[].attributes.subject
#4 May 10, 1869 Transcontinental Railroad Completion

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad marked a major milestone in the Gilded Age. It connected the eastern and western parts of the United States, greatly enhancing travel and commerce. This feat symbolized the nation's industrial progress and the rapid expansion of its infrastructure.

# data[].attributes.headline
#5 Late 19th century The Industrial Revolution in America

# data[].attributes.subject
#5 Late 19th century The Industrial Revolution in America

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The Industrial Revolution transformed the U.S. from a primarily agrarian society into an industrialized nation, with advancements in technology and infrastructure. This era saw the rise of tycoons, the growth of cities, and significant changes in labor and society, setting the stage for modern economics and worker's rights movements.

# data[].attributes.headline
#6 1875-1893 Chinese Exclusion and Rights

# data[].attributes.subject
#6 1875-1893 Chinese Exclusion and Rights

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The Chinese community faced significant legal challenges during this era, starting with the Page Act of 1875, which restricted the immigration of Chinese women, and the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which prohibited all Chinese immigration. Despite these restrictions, the Chinese fought for their rights, leading to landmark Supreme Court cases that helped define the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment. These cases included Tape v. Hurley, Yick Wo v. Hopkins, and United States v. Wong Kim Ark. However, the Fong Yue Ting decision in 1893 allowed the government to deport Chinese aliens without due process, further complicating the Chinese-American experience.

# data[].attributes.headline
#7 1890-1906The Elimination of Black Voting Rights

# data[].attributes.subject
#7 1890-1906The Elimination of Black Voting Rights

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Southern United States
Description: During this period, southern states systematically dismantled African American voting rights established during Reconstruction. Through legal means like poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses, these states disenfranchised not only black voters but also many poor and illiterate white voters. The acquiescence of the North allowed these discriminatory practices to persist. Meanwhile, influential figures like Booker T. Washington advocated for a focus on vocational education, suggesting that African Americans should temporarily forego political equality in favor of economic self-improvement, as outlined in his "Atlanta Compromise" speech.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Homestead, Pennsylvania, United States
Description: The Homestead Strike was a pivotal event during the Gilded Age, involving a violent conflict between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the union) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The strike arose from Andrew Carnegie's desire to break the union and lower labor costs, leading to a significant confrontation that underscored the intense labor struggles of the era. The defeat of the strikers had a lasting impact on the labor movement in the United States.

# data[].attributes.headline
#9 April 25, 1898 - August 12, 1898The Spanish-American War

# data[].attributes.subject
#9 April 25, 1898 - August 12, 1898The Spanish-American War

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines
Description: The Spanish-American War was a conflict between the United States and Spain. It marked the emergence of the U.S. as a global power and resulted in the acquisition of territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

# data[].attributes.headline
#10 1901-1914 Immigration as a Global Phenomenon

# data[].attributes.subject
#10 1901-1914 Immigration as a Global Phenomenon

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States, Asia, Mexico
Description: The early 20th century saw a massive influx of immigrants to the United States, with over 13 million arriving within a little more than a decade. This was part of a larger global migration trend driven by industrialization and changes in agriculture. While many immigrants arrived from Europe through Ellis Island, Asian immigrants typically came through Angel Island, and Mexican immigrants often entered via El Paso, Texas. These migration patterns were reflective of broader economic and social shifts happening around the world.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The 1912 presidential election was a remarkable four-way race, featuring incumbent William Howard Taft, former President Theodore Roosevelt who ran as a Progressive, Democrat Woodrow Wilson, and Socialist Eugene V. Debs. This election became a significant national discourse on the interplay between political and economic freedom during an era dominated by large corporations. It highlighted differing perspectives on how government should respond to the challenges posed by big business.

# data[].attributes.headline
#12 Late 19th century - Early 20th century The Women's Suffrage Movement  

# data[].attributes.subject
#12 Late 19th century - Early 20th century The Women's Suffrage Movement  

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The women's suffrage movement fought for women's right to vote, culminating in ratifying the 19th Amendment in 1920. This important milestone in U.S. history expanded democratic participation and paved the way for subsequent advancements in women's rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
#13 October 29, 1929 - 1939 The Great Depression

# data[].attributes.subject
#13 October 29, 1929 - 1939 The Great Depression

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The Great Depression was a severe economic downturn that affected the entire nation. It led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and economic hardship. The New Deal policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt aimed to alleviate the crisis and laid the foundation for modern social welfare programs

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, coming from a wealthy family, became an emblem of hope for the common American during the Great Depression. He campaigned on the promise of a "New Deal," which remained somewhat undefined during his run for presidency. Roosevelt's vision positioned the New Deal as a middle ground in a world veering towards extremes, offering an alternative to socialism, fascism, and laissez-faire capitalism, shaping a new path for the United States in a turbulent decade.

# data[].attributes.headline
#15 December 7, 1941The Attack on Pearl Harbor

# data[].attributes.subject
#15 December 7, 1941The Attack on Pearl Harbor

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Description: The surprise attack by the Japanese on Pearl Harbor propelled the United States into World War II. This event united the nation and marked a turning point in U.S. foreign policy, leading to significant military involvement in the global conflict.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: By 1944, women had become an integral part of the workforce, constituting over a third of civilian labor. This era marked a significant shift, as married women and mothers found new work opportunities, reflecting changing societal roles during World War II.

# data[].attributes.headline
 #17 1945 The End of the War and The Dawn of the Atomic Age

# data[].attributes.subject
 #17 1945 The End of the War and The Dawn of the Atomic Age

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Japan
Description: President Harry Truman faced the monumental decision to use the atomic bomb, a weapon born from the theoretical underpinnings of relativity and brought to life through the Manhattan Project. On August 6, 1945, this new era was heralded when an atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima, Japan, a move that, due to its heavy civilian casualties, has been steeped in controversy. The deployment of the atomic bomb represented the culmination of the strategies employed in World War II and ushered in a new postwar world order.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Worldwide
Description: The Cold War was a period of political tension and military rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. It shaped global politics and led to proxy wars, such as the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

# data[].attributes.headline
#19 1954 - 1968The Civil Rights Movement

# data[].attributes.subject
#19 1954 - 1968The Civil Rights Movement

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The Civil Rights Movement aimed to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans. Key events include the landmark Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the March on Washington. This movement brought about significant legislative changes and advanced the cause of equality in the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Space (primarily between the United States and the Soviet Union)
Description: The Space Race was a competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to achieve milestones in space exploration. It led to significant advancements, including the first human spaceflight by Yuri Gagarin and the Apollo 11 moon landing.

# data[].attributes.headline
#21 Late 1960s to Early 1970s Vietnam and Watergate

# data[].attributes.subject
#21 Late 1960s to Early 1970s Vietnam and Watergate

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Vietnam, United States
Description: Nixon's 1968 presidential campaign included a promise of a secret plan to end the Vietnam War, leading to the policy of Vietnamization. The anti-war sentiment peaked in 1970 with tragic events at Kent State and Jackson State Universities. The war's declining public support was exacerbated by the My Lai Massacre, the release of the Pentagon Papers, and the enactment of the War Powers Act of 1973, all reflecting a turbulent period in American history.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Vietnam, Paris
Description: The Paris peace agreement facilitated the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 1973, marking the end of American involvement in Vietnam, a conflict that had widespread military, political, and social repercussions.

# data[].attributes.headline
#23 1970s Nixon's Fall and the End of the Golden Age

# data[].attributes.subject
#23 1970s Nixon's Fall and the End of the Golden Age

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: Nixon's presidency was marred by secrecy, leading to the infamous Plumbers and the Watergate cover-up, which involved the revealing Nixon tapes. In August 1974, the House Judiciary Committee recommended Nixon's impeachment, resulting in his resignation. This event, along with the Church Committee investigations, undermined public trust in the government. Meanwhile, the 1970s marked the end of the postwar economic expansion, with slow growth, high inflation, and the United States experiencing a trade deficit for the first time. Additionally, Nixon's decision to take the U.S. off the gold standard had far-reaching implications.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The abortion debate is deeply polarizing in American politics, with pro-life advocates viewing abortion as murder from conception, while pro-choice supporters assert a woman's right to make decisions about her own body, including access to safe, legal abortion. The issue continues to provoke intense and sometimes violent confrontations.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States

Description: President Nixon, after a narrow election win, shifted towards the political center on various issues, reflecting the rising influence of the conservative Sunbelt. His administration established several new federal agencies, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Notably, Nixon's tenure saw substantial spending on social services and environmental programs.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The election of 1980 saw Ronald Reagan skillfully appealing to the white backlash by emphasizing states' rights. Riding a wave of dissatisfaction, Reagan's optimistic and affable demeanor resonated with many Americans, making conservatism seem progressive. He reshaped the nation's agenda and language, implementing economic policies that curtailed union power, reduced regulations, and implemented tax cuts. Reagan's economic philosophy, known as supply-side economics, aimed to inspire Americans to work harder by allowing them to keep more of their earned money.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: International
Description: After the Cold War, the Gulf War emerged as the first major international crisis, with President Bush intervening when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in 1990. Bush envisioned the conflict as a step towards a world rooted in democracy and global free trade.

# data[].attributes.headline
#28 November 9, 1989, The Fall of the Berlin Wall

# data[].attributes.subject
#28 November 9, 1989, The Fall of the Berlin Wall

# data[].attributes.body
Location: Berlin, Germany
Description: The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War and the reunification of East and West Germany. It marked a significant moment of political and social change in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: Bill Clinton capitalized on the economic recession of 1991 to win the presidency with a campaign that resonated with voters' financial concerns. In office, he diverged from Reagan and Bush's policies, particularly with his passion for free trade, exemplified by NAFTA. Clinton also tackled health care reform, aiming to reduce costs and expand coverage.

# data[].attributes.headline
#30 1990s-2000 Impeachment and the Election of 2000

# data[].attributes.subject
#30 1990s-2000 Impeachment and the Election of 2000

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The Impeachment of Clinton:
In the 1980s and 1990s, politicians' private lives faced intense scrutiny like never before. Significant events included Whitewater, Paula Jones, and the Monica Lewinsky scandal.
The 2000 election was a nail-biter between Al Gore and George W. Bush. It was one of the closest elections in U.S. history, with Florida becoming a focal point. Ultimately, the Supreme Court had to step in to decide the outcome. A Challenged Democracy:
The 2000 election, happening at the end of the decade of democracy, exposed some concerning aspects of the American political system. It revealed evidence of a widespread disengagement from public life, which was a troubling observation.

# data[].attributes.headline
#31 September 11, 2001 The September 11 Attacks

# data[].attributes.subject
#31 September 11, 2001 The September 11 Attacks

# data[].attributes.body
Location: United States
Description: The September 11 attacks were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Virginia. It had a profound impact on global politics and security.

# data[].attributes.body
Eric Foner, Give Me Liberty! An American History, Seagull Sixth Edition, Volume Two
(New York: W.W. Norton, 2019, 2022).

Eric Foner, Voices of Freedom: A Documentary History, Sixth Edition, Volume Two (New
York: W.W. Norton, 2019, 2022).

Greenspan, J. (2012, November 2). Remembering the 1912 presidential election. History.com. https://www.history.com/news/remembering-the-1912-presidential-election