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The Great Recession was a significant period of economic decline that began in 2007. This was a big economic decline that happened after the Great Depression. People took loans provided by the bank that they couldn’t afford, and these borrowers couldn’t repay their loans. The number of people taking these loans and not paying were increasing. The effect of this caused the house bubble - real estate- crisis to increase. It was a very difficult period for many people around the US. Amid this economic crisis, Barack Obama took office as president in 2009. As becoming the president, he had to to attempt to turn the economy around and put things back on track.

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Historical Synthesis :Great Society - 1965  

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Historical Synthesis :Great Society - 1965  

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In January 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson Started his big plan, called the Great Society Program. Its purpose was to tackle Poverty, Injustice, and the destruction of the environment. Lyndon B. Johnson wanted to create a society that was fair and equal with policies such as Medicare/Medicaid, school funding, urban redevelopment, and voting rights reform. The Great Society Program was a broad term that referred to different legislative actions and programs aimed at improving Americans' lives. Medicaid covers healthcare costs for government- assisted people who receive it, whereas Medicare covers hospital and physician fees for approved seniors. Both the ACA and Medicare/Medicaid aimed to improve all Americans' access to and affordability of health care. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) brought healthcare to all residents at a lesser cost. Senior citizens received financial assistance through Medicaid/Medicare, based on who assisted them.

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The Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare, was passed in 2010 by President obama. This legislation aimed to improve access to and affordability of healthcare for all americans. It used tax credits and subsidies to help families with low or middle income families bear the healthcare costs. It also ensured that people with pre-existing medical illnesses would not experience prejudice from the insurance companies by prohibiting them from refusing coverage or raising premiums based on such conditions. The ACA also provides increased coverage by allowing young people to remain on their parent’s health insurance plans until the age of 26.

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The 2012 ACA supreme court case was National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius. The individual mandate, which needs more than half of the Americans to purchase health insurance or they will pay a fine, was illegal. The Supreme Court upheld the individual mandate as a valid use of congress’s taxing rights. Chief Justice John Roberts provided the deciding vote, stating that the fine might be viewed as a tax. The court also looked into the ACA’s Medicaid expansion section. Even while the expansion was upheld, the court prohibited the federal government from withholding all medicaid payments from the states that chose not to participate in it. The decision maintained the individual mandate while granting congress taxation authority. As a result, states enacted Medicaid expansion in varying ways, with some opting out.

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ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act - 1990

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ADA - Americans with Disabilities Act - 1990

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ADA (American With Disabilities Act) prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in areas such as employment, transportation. The ADA provides relief to those with disability’s and makes it so that they have equal opportunities as others. The ADA requires businesses to provide accommodations like wheelchair ramps, braille signage ADA has helped than 40 million American in the U.S. It has also allowed for the expansion of Medicare of over 40 states. ADA has been able to protect over 133 million Americans with pre-existing conditions form losing their health insurance.

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Primary source - 2018 court case ruling  

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Primary source - 2018 court case ruling  

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This is the 2018 Texas Vs. US ACA supreme court case ruling, or also known as the court's decision. In this ruling it talks about how even though the penalty was turned to $0 the ACA still was upheld, because it didn’t cause anyone harm. In this ruling it states “ Plaintiffs do not have standing to challenge §5000A(a)’s minimum essential coverage provision because they have not shown a past or future injury fairly traceable to defendants’ conduct enforcing the specific statutory provision they attack as unconstitutional.” The supreme court dismissed the plaintiff’s because they couldn’t stand a legal and strong challenge against the ACA.

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Primary source - 2012 Court case ruling 

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Primary source - 2012 Court case ruling 

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The website is the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, which is the 2012 court case. This website contains oral opinion announcements, arguments and other oral documents. These oral videos talk about the ACA requirements, which is that most Americans purchase health insurance. The question was whether this requirement, called the individual mandate, was constitutional or not. This question was the main argument in the court.

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Major civil rights victory for the disability community. The law prohibited discrimination against individuals with disability in all public areas i.e. employment and public accommodations. The ADA also helped the voting system to accommodate those with disabilities. It helped elevate the political power and visibility of those that have disabilities. ADA led more changes in government buildings and other public areas, it promoted more political repetition and advocacy from the community. The ADA sparked debate around the appropriate role of the government these debates continue to shape political discussions and around disability rights and funding.

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The 2018 ruling was a federal judge in Texas according to the case the ACA was unconstitutional and brought up more under entry about the act and the potential dismantling of the law in its entirety. The ruling brought up more uncertainty and instability about the future of the act. If the ruling had been upheld million of Americans could have lost their insurance and Medicaid

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Obamacare helped to reduce disparities in healthcare access and made a historic advancement in American healthcare. Many gain healthcare coverage without any limits. Many low income families were struggling to afford or even obtain health insurance. The law required insurance plans to cover health benefits like maternity care, mental health services and preventive screening, in order to ensure that more people can access the healthcare they require. ACA helped women, famills, kids, elders, and even those of the LGBTQ+ community and those of color. As of 2021 31 million people have received marketplace insurance or Medicaid coverage.

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Many republicans repeatedly tried to undermine the law but the ACA showed how controversial and partisan the law can be. It divides people’s political opinion. Even in congress the law had a hard time balancing so it became a major political issue. Obamacare shifted health policy sparked debates made people wonder if the government should really be involved in the healthcare system, moving the U.S closer to a near universal coverage. Many of these debates are still going on 15 years after the establishment of the ACA. The political impacts of Obamacare are still unfolding. The polarizing law that has been able to reshape the healthcare system in America.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt established the New Deal during the Great Depression. The New Deal was put into action to reduce prosperity to Americans. It was a series of reforms and relief efforts that were established in 1933 to address the financial crisis caused by the Great Depression. Roosevelt developed several programs to strengthen the economy and support those people who were most affected by the crisis, including banking regulations, public work programs, and social welfare programs such as the Social Security Act. Both the New Deal and the ADA aimed to provide relief and support to individuals in need. The Social Security Act provided for healthcare and disability benefits. Individuals with disabilities were provided disability payments as well as equal rights under the ADA.

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Historical background:

https://www.britannica.com/money/great-recession

https://www.history.com/topics/21st-century/recession

ADA:

https://www.ada.gov/

ADA politcal impact:

https://www.usccr.gov/files/pubs/ada/ch2.htm

https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/12/03/fact-sheet-advancing-disability-inclusive-democracy-in-the-united-states-and-globally/

New deal - Historical Synthesis:

https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/new-deal

https://www.britannica.com/event/New-Deal

Obama's election 2008:

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/barack-obama-elected-as-americas-first-black-president

https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-health-care-the-university-iowa

Obama's Election social impact:

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/barack-obama-elected-as-americas-first-black-president

Affordable Care Act (Obamacare):

https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.html#:~:text=Make%20affordable%20health%20insurance%20available,below%20138%25%20of%20the%20FPL.

https://www.illinois.gov/news/press-release.8457.html#:~:text=The%20Illinois%20Young%20Adult%20Dependent,age%2030%20for%20military%20veterans.

ACA social impact:

https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2022/03/18/fact-sheet-celebrating-affordable-care-act.html#:~:text=Since%20its%20enactment%20on%20March,LGBTQI%2B%20and%20communities%20of%20color

ACA political Impact:

https://isps.yale.edu/news/blog/2014/09/affordable-care-act-what-we-don%E2%80%99t-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-politics

https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/6/2/1

Great Society - Historical Synthesis:

https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/great-society

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/1600/presidents/lyndonbjohnson#:~:text=The%20Great%20Society%20program%20became,removal%20of%20obstacles%20to%20the

https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/great-society

2012 ACA supreme court case:

https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10610#:~:text=Challenge%20to%20the-,Affordable%20Care%20Act%20in%20California,Texas&text=In%20a%207%2D2%20decision,thereby%20leaving%20the%20ACA%20intact.

Poltical Impact: 2012 court case:

https://www.quinnjohnston.com/affordable-care-act-supreme-courts-landmark-decision/

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Biden- Harris Adminstration Builds on the success of ACA -2024

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Biden- Harris Adminstration Builds on the success of ACA -2024

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The Biden-Harris administration did a lot of good things for the ACA while in office. First they strengthened the ACA such as increasing the subsidies to make coverage more affordable and extending open enrollment. They also addressed the disparities the amped police to get rid of healthcare disparities especially in communities of color. They also took into consideration the importance of addressing past discrimination with those with “pre-existing” conditions so they defended the ACAs protection of those individuals who had the attempted to proceed with legal action. The Biden administration leveraged the ACAs to furthermore expand Medicaid to provide COVID19 testing sites and treatment. Overall the team built on the foundation that the ACA had already been able to build making it stronger and more accessible for all Americans.

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With the more thoughtful approach from the Biden-Harris  administration It caused some positive political impacts. The Biden-Harris administration was able to create a more energized progressive base and the administration team was able to push the healthcare agenda in the democrat party progressive wing which was able to make bolder reforms. It also increased the talk of reforms to make the goal universal healthcare.

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Trump's battle for the presidency was a big deal. While in the election Trump mentions his plans for the removal or the ACA. Trump states that he wants to “repeal and replace” his plans are to eliminate the individual mandate for the American would have to pay a penalty then he would scale back the Medicaid expansion in most states and provide tax credits instead of the subside of the ACA to help people pay for coverage. However the repeal efforts failed to gain enough support in Congress. The most successful rollback was the tax bill of 2017 where it eliminated the individual mandate penalty.

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While the ACA repeal failed, Trump's administration course of action, like eliminating individual mandate penalty did contribute to declines in health insurance enrollment especially younger and healthy individuals. Leading to fewer visits and not having the proper and adequate care in life. The Trump's administration supported legal challenges to the ACA including high profile cases that made it to the Supreme Court. This action leads to the law's future in a state more uncertain.

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Obama was the first African American in 2008 to become president. This victory marked a turning point in American politics. He was running on a platform of change and hope, and Obama won over a wide range of voters, including young people and a lot of black people. His run for president promised changes in response to the public’s concern over the economic crisis (Great Recession). He prioritized healthcare reform. Obama stressed the significance of delivering affordable healthcare to all Americans. He claims that they now have the opportunity - and the responsibility- to move past the failed politics of previous healthcare conversations. In addition, he promised to develop a universal healthcare plan before the end of his first term as president.

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The 2018 supreme court case was Texas Vs Us. The ACA's authority after the removal of the $0 individual mandate penalty. The individual mandate penalty was eliminated, and the mandate became unconstitutional since it could no longer be justified by Congress's taxation authority. In a 7-2 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the plaintiff's inability to show specific evidence of suffering caused by the $0 mandate prohibited them from declaring that the ACA was unconstitutional. The Court did not address the fundamental credibility of the mandate without a penalty. This judgment confirmed the entirety of the ACA and upheld the ACA in the end.

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The supreme court was a 5-4 decision which was a huge victory for the Obamacare administration and democrats. The decision helped solidify the ACA foundation making it harder in the future to get rid of the act. It also encourage democrats and administration member to double down on third efforts to make other laws based off the ACA success.

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There had been many attempts over the course of the ADA to get rid of it or even replace the act in it entirely. The main push to repeal Obamacare was that in 2017. Republicans came to congress to try to pass legislation called the American Health Care Act. Essentially eliminating the requirement of health insurance and to stop the expansion of Medicaid. Repeal efforts failed in the Senate where the republican senators joined the Democratic Party to vote down on it. Many say that Obamacare is too costly and will eventually leave many uninsured. Some republicans are just opposed to the fact of the government's  increased role on the healthcare system.

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While a full repeal never ended up happening the repeal really depends on the dividend that both ties in congress and globally. The repeal made more people change their opinion on the ACA, people started benefiting from the coverage expansion cost so more started to side with the ADA movement. Uncertainty was brought up within insures with the ongoing threats health insurance companies made it harder for many of them to plan and price retain offerings. The ACA will always remain a major political issue but this has shaped the elections and policy both at the federal and state levels.

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The presidency of Obama sparked public talks about race and identity, highlighting inequality in society and generating hope for a more equal future. He reaffirmed the values of equality and opportunity while also representing a victory for diversity outside of American borders. Obama’s presidency left a lasting impression on society by highlighting the transformative power of leadership and setting way for greater progress toward a more fair society.

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 New Rule Giving LGBTQ+ People More Protections Against Discrimination in Health Care- 2024

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 New Rule Giving LGBTQ+ People More Protections Against Discrimination in Health Care- 2024

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The new rule in order to protect more people especially those in the lgbtq+ community. The major key point of the rule is to clarify the ACA nondiscrimination protections bad on any factor like sex or identity. The rule will also make sure healthcare providers wouldn’t discriminate against their patients, the rule will require covered entities to update their policies and procedures to ensure equal access and treatment . The Biden administration viewed it was important to address steps to help and make sure those of any community will feel safe and welcome.

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The rule was seen as the best thing that could have possibly happened for their people. It expanded many possibilities for those in the lgbtq+ community. The rule was a victory for many while other saw as the rule made tension rise within state governments and sparked debates over state autonomy

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Primary source - 2012 court case:

https://www.oyez.org/cases/2011/11-393

Obamacare repeal fails:

https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/senate-gop-effort-repeal-obamacare-fails-n787311

Political impact - Repeal fails:

https://www.rsfjournal.org/content/rsfjss/6/2/1.full.pdf

https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/aca-repeal-and-politics-backlash

https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/poll-finding/5-charts-about-public-opinion-on-the-affordable-care-act/

2018 ACA supreme court case:

https://ballotpedia.org/California_v._Texas

political impact - 2018 court case:

https://familyvoices.org/washington-update-affordable-care-act-aca-7-11-18/

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/blog/2019/2018-year-renewed-affordable-care-act-litigation

Primary source - 2018 court case:

https://www.supremecourt.gov/

https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-840_6jfm.pdf#:~:text=URL%3A%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fopinions%2F20pdf%2F19

Trump plans to get rid of ACA:

https://democrats.org/news/trump-on-the-aca-donald-trumps-plan-for-affordable-health-care-is-getting-rid-of-it-entirely/

https://www.brookings.edu/articles/six-ways-trump-has-sabotaged-the-affordable-care-act/

Political impacts - Trump :

https://www.cbpp.org/sabotage-watch

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230385/#:~:text=Compared%20with%20children%20who%20have,adequate%20preventive%20services%2C%20including%20immunizations.

https://www.cnn.com/2024/04/12/politics/obamacare-trump-administration/index.html

Biden-Harris administration builds n the success of ACA:

https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-builds-success-affordable-care-act-streamlining-enrollment-medicaid-and

Political Impact - Biden:

https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2021/may/affordable-care-act-biden-era-federal-priorities

https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/11/03/department-health-human-services-actions-support-rural-america-rural-health-care-providers.html

New rule giving lgbtq people more protection:

https://www.kff.org/affordable-care-act/press-release/kff-examines-new-rule-giving-lgbtq-people-more-protections-against-discrimination-in-health-care/

Political Impact - New rule:

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/26/us/politics/biden-gay-transgender-health-care.html