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Uncovering the hidden story of black representation in media.

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Creative Source

Rhetorical Situation:

· Writer/Artist: Kendrick Lamar

· Text/Subject: DNA

· Audience: This is an anthem for Black people and education for the rest of the world, especially those whose idea of Black culture have been shaped by mainstream media who spin only negative stereotypes.

· Context: Appropriate representation for Black people in mainstream media through personal identity and experience.

Lamar, Kendrick. “DNA”. Spotify. open.spotify.com/track/6HZILIRieu8S0iqY8kIKhj?si=35109d9c6bea493e

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A Dangerous Distortion of Our Families by Dr. Travis L. Dixon

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A Dangerous Distortion of Our Families by Dr. Travis L. Dixon

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Informational Source

Rhetorical Situation:

· Writer: Dr. Travis L. Dixon

· Text/Subject:  An informational article with statistics on media trends regarding negative portrayal of Black families in news and media.

· Audience: General US population interested in understanding biased media trends that misrepresent Black people, and how to provide appropriate representation.

· Context: Lack of proper representation for Black people in the United States.

Dixon, Travis L. “A Dangerous Distortion of Our Families.” Color Of Change, Jan. 2018, colorofchange.org/dangerousdistortion/.

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Representations of Families, by Race, in News and Opinion Media A Study by
Dr. Travis L. Dixon

Professor of Communication and the Communication Alumni Professorial Scholar University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

This study examined representations of families, by race, in national and local news and opinion media coverage- on television, in print and online. The study analyzed relevant stories published or aired in the two-year period of January 1, 2015 - December 31, 2016. Specifically, it investigated the extent to which national and local news and opinion media outlets present distorted representations of Black families and engage in inaccurate and racially biased coverage, both in word and image. The study involved a systematic content analysis of a recent two-year sample of cable and network news shows, national and local newspaper articles, and online opinion site content. The findings of the study indicate that news and opinion media do, in fact, perpetuate inaccurate representations of Black families across several different areas of coverage.

Overall, the findings show that news and opinion media outlets routinely and inaccurately portray Black families as sources of social instability in society and portray white families as sources of social stability in society, irrespective of facts to the contrary.

Several more specific key findings support the overall finding. First, news and opinion media overwhelmingly portray families living in poverty as being Black families rather than White families, contrary to fact. Second, news and opinion media exaggerate the proportion of families receiving welfare who are Black while also wrongly attributing the use of (and need for) government programs to laziness, dependency or dysfunction, contrary to fact. Third, news and opinion media incorrectly depict Black fathers as uninvolved or not present in the lives of their children, inaccurately suggesting that Black fathers abandon their children and that Black mothers make bad decisions about family structures and/or relationships. Fourth, news and opinion media significantly overrepresent the association between Black families and criminality while significantly underrepresenting White families' association with criminality, distorting the overall picture of crime and those who commit crime.

Across all of these points, the study findings indicate that certain sources (i.e., specific TV networks, TV shows, national newspapers and online news sites) perpetuate these reporting patterns more than others.

Recommendations

The news industry can and must do better

Revise Standards & Protocols for Reporting on Families

As part of addressing the mandates above, news outlets that purport to be unbiased, both locally and nationally, must revise their overall editorial practices related to racial representation in order to ensure accuracy and fairness in reporting:

They must revise their overall standards and protocols for reporting on families and related issues, including i) setting stronger standards for sourcing information and experts, ii) setting protocols for re-evaluating "conventional wisdom" assumptions and iii) integrating stronger social context and research in sourcing stories to inform reporting.

They must educate editorial decision makers and reporters about commonly spread misinformation and stereotyping in reporting as well as the impact of it.

They must include people of color in setting editorial standards, which means including people of color in meaningful ways through hiring and across every level and role in the news production process.

Foreword by Rashad Robinson, Color Of Change

A broad swath of society forms its opinions of Black families predominantly based on Hollywood films and television shows, including dehumanizing reality programming and sensationalized crime reporting in the news. In a media environment that continues to inaccurately depict Black fathers as absent, Black mothers as bad decision makers and Black families as destabilizing forces and that fails to present evenhanded, accurate and multidimensional portrayals of what it means to be a family in this country, we're left floundering under an onslaught of bad federal and state economic policies and legislation that will doom families for generations to come.

From its start, Color Of Change has worked to highlight how local and national news both intentionally and incidentally inject harmful bias into public opinion, taking on Fox News and working to get misinformation zealots like Glenn Beck and Bill O'Reilly off the air, and working to challenge conditions in New York local news rooms, which were found to inaccurately over-associate Black people with crime by 75%. This latest report contains an important snapshot of the two years of media coverage of Black families during the last election cycle, across various news outlets on television, in print and online. It is an important canon to reference, as we continue to unpack the various elements and cultural conditions that enabled the election of politicians-from the presidency to governors and others-who exploit good old ol' boy dog whistle rhetoric, masquerading as economic populism.

There is no question that the right wing has exploited the unwritten rules of media reporting and coverage to change the written rules of policy. And, destructively they have not only their own media platforms but also influence over purportedly neutral and evenhanded news outlets across the country to do it.

From a historical standpoint, it is no accident that we continue to see a distortion in the representation of poverty, which paints a picture not just of poor, Black families as a drain on the system, but also systematically ignores providing context on their resiliency in the face of the tides these families are swimming against, tides that are out of their control and put them in harms way like despite, often as a result of corporate or conservative decision makers using them as leverage for profit and politics.

There was once a time where the country felt a duty to end poverty, with President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal reshaping the economy and structure of the United States to that end. (We must remember that welfare was never stigmatized when White people were perceived to be the main beneficiaries of it.) The rhetorical move away from that commitment is the direct result of politicians and dark money working together to undo The New Deal and help the rich get richer.

The best way to do that? Misdirecting the blame for poverty at poor people's behavior, and "othering" the poor by putting a Black face on them. Taxes to support social safety net structures were not perceived as a drain when White people in rural communities were understood to be the overwhelming recipients. That quickly changes. As Reagan and Bush Sr. advisor, and eventual Republican National Committee Chairman, Lee Atwater, more bluntly put it:

You start out in 1954 by saying, "Nigger, nigger, nigger." By 1968 you can't say "nigger"-that hurts you, backfires. So you say stuff like, uh, forced busing, states' rights, and all that stuff, and you're getting so abstract. Now, you're talking about cutting taxes, and all these things you're talking about are totally economic things and a byproduct of them is, blacks get hurt worse than whites.... "We want to cut this," is much more abstract than even the busing thing, uh, and a hell of a lot more abstract than "Nigger, nigger."

Those ideas have spread far beyond the realm of conservative politics and media alone. They are now thoroughly mainstreamed, as this report demonstrates.

The biggest challenge in social change narrative work continues to be shifting the assumptions that underlie the barriers to the solutions we aim to advance and protect. According to research from Pew, over half the country believes that "lack of effort," instead of circumstances beyond one's control, is to blame for poverty, as opposed to lack of effective policies and commitments from the most privileged and wealthiest. And so poor people, especially poor Black and Brown people, become the media's enemy- they blame the very people harmed by poverty for the deeply flawed decision making and structures that cause it, instead of the real decision makers.

News media reinforce that thinking through programming built on debunked narratives about Black families. Research shows there are dire consequences for Black people when these outlandish archetypes rule the day: abusive treatment by police, less attention from doctors, harsher sentences from judges, just to name a few. And the reality is that even for those who consider themselves "progressive," they're trained to still see poverty as an "unfortunate condition," one that can be remedied by cutting a check or contributing a volunteer "day of service." We have to shift our understanding of poverty from that mindset, to seeing it for what it is-a manufactured system built on a failed trickle down economics framework, and painted in White identity politics.

This reports helps lift the veil on how that played out during the 2015-1016 election cycle, which marked a dramatic resurgence of the Lee Atwater style of rhetoric. You will of course see some of the usual suspects in here. During the two plus years that led up to the election, The O'Reilly Factor remained one of the most viewed "news" shows on television, and pumped out one sensationalistic segment after another, attacking Black families in order to advance their far right-wing agenda and smear Obama era policies. Even though those policies were directly linked to the decline in crime and imprisonment rates, and the increase in employment rates and pathways out of poverty. While this year saw the O'Reilly empire crumbled-fueled, in part, by relentless pressure levied by groups like our organization, Color Of Change-the removal of O'Reilly from millions of televisions across the country does not significantly change media conditions or topple Fox News as one of the worst pushers of degrading programming.

But you may also see some surprises here. The New York Times, who in the aftermath of Trump has rebranded itself as proverbial knight in shining armour-saving the media one Trump expose at a time-is shown to be a particularly bad actor when it comes to distorting images of Black families. As is Meet the Press, who over the course of this period brought on Pat Buchanan, who has long tried to pass off White supremacist ideology as legitimate mainstream political commentary. They also ran a stunningly tone-deaf gun violence segment pushing an explicit "Black-on-Black" crime frame in the direct aftermath of the Charleston Massacre, a well-debunked trope.

What this tells us is that, while we can not exonerate the far right, mainstream media outlets have played an arguably more important role, not just in shaping misperceptions of Black and poor people in the minds of their consumers, but putting in place an administration that has put our country on the verge of an economic collapse, perhaps the likes of which we have not seen.

In addition to our findings, we have included in here a set of recommendations that we hope will guide some of the thinking in newsrooms, in an effort to spark them to identify, evaluate and shift their role in perpetuating a racialized cycle of poverty and power dynamics that are the true destabilizing force for our nation.

Join us at colorofchange.org to help us fuel this fight-the energy of people outside the news industry, and also that of those fair-minded people on the inside, will be essential for creating the leverage necessary to implement these demands, and make justice real.

Foreword by Nicole Rodgers, Family Story

News and opinion media set the agenda for what we know and influence how we make meaning of what we see and experience in the world around us. For decades, scholars have documented how racialized and gendered stereotypes reinforced by news media shape our perceptions and, therefore, the decisions we make. The power of the news media to shape what millions of people feel is normal or abnormal is incredibly strong. There are few checks on that power.

As with all media, news media focus a lot of attention on one of the big themes in our lives: family. The dominant metaphor for the nation is family: founding fathers, motherland, Uncle Sam. Families are assumed to be the basic building blocks of society and personal success, and their perceived strength or weakness is a key indicator of our nation's health. Strong families are referred to as "the backbone" of a thriving society. Societal decline is often blamed on the "breakdown" of the family. And, as this report suggests, no one seems to be indicted more unjustly, inaccurately or relentlessly by the "broken family" narrative than members of Black families.

Until now, no research has systematically explored racialized differences in how news and opinion media represent families. Of course, we know intuitively that disparities exist. After all, what's the difference between having a "blended family" (hail! the future of family) and having multiple "baby daddies" (ack! the downfall of society)? It's not just the structure of the family; it's the race of the family. We often measure "good families" in colors.

Imagine how far President Obama would have made it in politics if he fathered children with three different partners like President Trump has. The problem is not that this particular aspect of Trump's family life is problematic, however. It isn't. The problem is that a Black family in a similar situation is judged harshly-demonized for transgressing family norms, and even disciplined for it. White families are seen as trendsetters for creating new family norms (i.e., seen as "redefining norms" rather than violating them), and taking advantage of the opportunities those new norms offer. Black families are maligned and punished for it.

This isn't new. Throughout history, political leaders, power brokers and the media have worked to pathologize Black families in the American imagination in order to justify slavery, Jim Crow, mass incarceration, widespread economic inequity and urban disinvestment-as well as to gain and maintain political and social power. It resulted in the forceful separation and enslavement of Black family members and in the sterilization of Black women. Today, it results in criminalizing Black mothers and a wide range of other systemic injustices.

News and opinion media have played an important role in reinforcing racist myths, thereby laying the groundwork for the political outcomes that follow. Take, for instance, the media's hype of the Moynihan report's specious 1965 warning that Black families were "crumbling" thanks to single mother-led homes and absent fathers. Three decades later, the media's collaboration in the1996 push for welfare reform effectively maligned social insurance programs for rewarding mythical "welfare queens" for out-of-wedlock births and irresponsible fatherhood. Today, unchecked right-wing commentators blame police violence on mythical "absent" Black fathers. In each case, the underlying, racially distorted narrative is the same: White families are superior and should be free of government interference, and everyone else's families are morally corrupt and should be disciplined.

This study shows that news and opinion media continue to reinforce the unfounded and unfair idea that Black families are sources of personal, cultural and societal instability and that they are responsible for poverty, welfare and crime, rather than those who shape the economic and social environment families live in. It is not just the glut of negative representations that hurt Black families; it is also the absence of positive ones. This is even more striking if you consider how consistently news and opinion media advance White families as models of social stability. These portrayals reinforce the implicit bias people already have about racial difference, which inform behaviors and attitudes that show up in all aspects of our lives, including at the voting booth.

Why do news producers, editors and reporters still perpetuate these fictions, even as they evolve their practices with respect to other issues? Part of the problem is due to the systematized conventional wisdom reporters rely on (no matter how often debunked) and part of it is due to political opportunism (no matter how often exposed).

Examples of the way these racialized myths manifest are egregious and plentiful. When a four-year-old Black boy fell into the gorilla habitat at the Cincinnati Zoo in 2016, media outlets were quick to focus attention on the criminal history of the boy's Black father, an unrelated detail that served no discernible purpose other than to invoke a stereotype that would criminalize the whole family and thereby justify blaming them for the tragic event. When a two-year-old White boy was snatched up by an alligator in front of his parents just a week later at a Disney resort, there was no media scrutiny of the parents and a vastly more empathic response overall. This is typical of a widespread pattern of racially biased reporting and racially biased norm-setting, which this report expands on in detail.

Family life and family structure are changing, as they always have. These changes, however, are characterized differently depending on the race of the family. This steady pattern of pathologizing Black families and normalizing White families is an unjust and unacceptable status quo. News standards must change to humanize the struggles and successes of all families and prize accuracy over debunked, default and lazy conventional wisdom.

Fears about changing family structures-family breakdown! family instability!-have re-emerged as political and racialized dog whistles. (It is a dog-whistle that has targeted LGBT families for the last decades toward similar ends, requiring a steady campaign to counteract and diffuse its effects.)

They are founded on misinformed beliefs about the superiority of married nuclear families that have been mainstreamed through a vast network of well-funded organizations, including Christian ministries, South Poverty Law Center-designated hate groups, right-wing think tanks and pseudo-academic research institutes that push a series of interrelated, dangerous and dubious claims: that marriage is a valid "solution" to poverty; that married parenthood is the key to a child's wellbeing; and that the so-called success sequence-getting at least a high school degree, working full-time and marrying before having any children, in that order-is a foolproof path to poverty avoidance. The groups behind the myth-making are fully aware these norms perpetuate anti-Black fervor; they use that fervor to win elections for conservatives and to advance both a religious and corporate policy agenda.

News media cannot continue to serve as a platform for these methodologically flawed, morally misguided and racist narratives that cause so much harm while allowing the truth of the economic and social forces that drive shifting family dynamics to remain invisible. They must help the public understand the very real systemic barriers that impede wellbeing for so many families. That knowledge is what leads to effective, viable solutions.

When news media fail at their basic responsibility-to tell the truth and challenge falsehoods-they fail all our families.

Key findings

The news industry can and must do better

There is no question that the right wing has exploited the unwritten rules of news media reporting to change the written rules of policy. With widespread and harmful effect, they have done so not only through their own media platforms but also through their influence over purportedly neutral and evenhanded news outlets across the country. Rashad Robinson

What's the difference between having a "blended family" (hail! the future of family) and having multiple "baby daddies" (ack! the downfall of society)? It's not just the structure of the family; it's the race of the family. We often measure "good families" in colors. Nicole Rodgers

At some point, welfare programs that became associated with benefits enjoyed by White people were not even included in the public discourse about welfare at all; only programs perceived to be used by Black people were part of the welfare discussion, largely within an "undeserving" framework. Dr. Travis L. Dixon

Infected by this mindset, news media outlets participate in blaming Black and Brown people-the very people harmed most by poverty-for the deeply flawed decision making and structures that cause it. All while those truly responsible for poverty remain invisible. Rashad Robinson

It is not just the glut of negative representations that hurt Black families; it is also the absence of positive ones. This is even more striking if you consider how consistently news and opinion media advance White families as models of social stability. These portrayals reinforce the implicit bias people already have about racial difference. Nicole Rodgers

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Representations of Families, by Race, in News and Opinion Media A Study by Dr. Travis L. Dixon Professor of Communication and the Communication Alumni Professorial Scholar University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign This study examined representations of families, by race, in national and local news and opinion media coverage- on television, in print and online.

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Creative Source

Rhetorical Situation:

· Writer: Jordan Peele

· Text/Subject: Horror/Comedy film that addresses and challenges stereotypes about Black people through the lens of a horror film.

· Audience: General US population (especially white and black audiences) both familiar and unfamiliar with the Black experience in America and how films in media that push racial narratives - intentionally or unintentionally - have a negative impact.

· Context: Appropriate representation for Black people in mainstream media (film, in this case).

Peele, Jordan, director. Get Out. Universal Pictures Home Entertainment, 2017.

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Black Representation in Film and TV: The Challenge and Impact of Increasing Diversity by Jonathan Dunn, Sheldon Lyn, Nony Onyeador, and Ammanuel Zegeye

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Black Representation in Film and TV: The Challenge and Impact of Increasing Diversity by Jonathan Dunn, Sheldon Lyn, Nony Onyeador, and Ammanuel Zegeye

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Informational Source

Rhetorical Situation:

· Writer: Jonathan Dunn, Sheldon Lyn, Nony Onyeador, and Ammanuel Zegeye

· Text/Subject: Informational article discussing the challenges for black talent finding opportunities in film and media due to a lack of inclusivity, and the potential economic benefits for each industry if black talent had more opportunities.

· Audience: General US population interested in media representation.

· Context: Statistics and trends in media and television, with predicative data for positive trends in film and tv with black inclusion.

Dunn, Jonathan, et al. “Black Representation in Film and TV: The Challenges and Impact of Increasing Diversity.” McKinsey & Company, McKinsey & Company, 11 Mar. 2021, www.mckinsey.com/Featured-Insights/Diversity-and-Inclusion/Black-representation-in-film-and-TV-The-challenges-and-impact-of-increasing-diversity#/.

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Creative Source

Rhetorical Situation:

· Writer: Ryan Coogler

· Text/Subject: Action/Sci-fi Disney film representing the first major Black superhero from Marvel in a film.

· Audience: All people around the world familiar and unfamiliar with the rich African heritage and Black culture.

· Context: Positive representation for Black people in film, especially inspiring hope and empowerment for Black youth.

Coogler, Ryan, director. Black Panther. Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2018.

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Open the document to explore the crossword puzzle with clues that speak to examples of positive representation in mainstream media for Black people. Have fun learning and exploring!

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Black Representation in Media Crossword Puzzle