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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21775-circulatory-system

The circulatory system performs three important functions such as transporting oxygen and nutrients to cells.removing waste products and maintaininhomeostatis by regulating tempturere and PH balance.

The circulatory system serves as a highway for immune cells like white blood cells to travel throughtout the body,allowing them to reach sites of infection or injury faster.

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The three most important features of the endocrine system are hormone production, regulation of metabolism, and maintenance of homeostasis.

The endocrine system interacts with the respiratory system through hormones like adrenaline, which can increase heart rate and open up airways during times of stress or exertion.Also , hormones like thyroid hormones can influence the respiratory rate and oxygen consumption by affecting metabolism.

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What are the endocrine system organs?

Your endocrine system consists of three types of tissues:

Endocrine glands.

Organs.

Endocrine-related tissues.

Endocrine system glands

Glands are special tissues in your body that create and release substances. Endocrine glands make and release hormones directly into your bloodstream. The endocrine glands in your body from head to toe include:

Pineal gland: This is a tiny gland in your brain that's beneath the back part of your corpus callosum. It makes and releases the hormone melatonin.

Pituitary gland: This is a small, pea-sized gland at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. It releases eight hormones, some of which trigger other endocrine glands to release hormones.

Thyroid gland: This is a small, butterfly-shaped gland at the front of your neck under your skin. It releases hormones that help control your metabolism.

Parathyroid glands: These are four pea-sized glands that are typically behind your thyroid. Sometimes they exist along your esophagus or in your chest (ectopic parathyroid glands). They release parathyroid hormone (PTH), which controls the level of calcium in your blood.

Adrenal glands: These are small, triangle-shaped glands on top of each of your two kidneys. They release several hormones that manage bodily processes, like metabolism, blood pressure and your stress response.

You have other glands in your body that aren't endocrine glands, such as sweat glands (a type of exocrine gland).

Endocrine system organs

Certain organs in your body also make and release hormones. An organ is a group of tissues that form a structure that performs specific important functions in your body. The organs that are part of your endocrine system include:

Hypothalamus: This is a structure deep within your brain (which is an organ). It's the main link between your endocrine system and your nervous system. It makes two hormones that your pituitary gland stores and releases (oxytocin and vasopressin) and makes and releases two hormones (dopamine and somatostatin).

Pancreas: This organ is in the back of your abdomen (belly). It's both an organ and a gland and is also part of your digestive system. It releases two hormones that are essential to maintaining healthy blood sugar levels: insulin and glucagon.

Adipose tissue (body fat): This is a connective tissue that extends throughout your body. It's found under your skin (subcutaneous fat), between your internal organs (visceral fat) and in the inner cavities of bones (bone marrow adipose tissue). Adipose tissue releases many different hormones, including leptin, angiotensin and adiponectin.

Ovaries: These are small, oval-shaped glands located on either side of your uterus. They produce and store your eggs (also called ova) and make sex hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy.

Testicles (testes): These are small, round organs underneath your penis in your scrotum. They make sperm and sex hormones, particularly testosterone.

Other tissues that release hormones

Other tissues in your body release hormones. But we don't typically think of them as endocrine system tissues because they have other, more significant functions or roles. They include:

Digestive tract (stomach and small intestine): Your digestive tract is the largest endocrine-related organ system. It makes and releases several hormones that play a role in your metabolism. Examples include gastrin and ghrelin.

Kidneys: Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that filter your blood. They're part of your urinary system, but they also produce hormones, like erythropoietin and renin.

Liver: Your liver is part of your digestive system, but it also produces hormones, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and angiotensinogen.

Heart: When your blood pressure rises, your heart releases two hormones called A-type natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide.

Placenta: The placenta is a temporary endocrine organ that forms during pregnancy. It produces hormones that are important for maintaining a healthy pregnancy and preparing your body for labor and breastfeeding (chestfeeding).

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Your endocrine system consists of the tissues (mainly glands) that create and release hormones. Endocrine tissues include your pituitary gland, thyroid and others.

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The three main functions of the musculoskeletal system are:

Support: Providing structural support to the body, allowing it to maintain its shape. ﻿﻿﻿Movement: Facilitating movement of the body and its parts through the action of muscles on bones. Protection: Protecting internal organs and tissues from injury, especially by the skeletal system.

The musculoskeletal system interacts with the endocrine system primarily through hormones. Hormones released by the endocrine system, such as growth hormone, thyroid hormones, and sex hormones, play crucial roles in the development, growth, and maintenance of bones and muscles.

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Musculoskeletal is a general term which, as its name suggests, relates to the muscles and the skeleton of the body. More specifically, the musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bursae. The musculoskeletal system provides stability and also allows for movement of the body.

Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System

Bones - There are 206 bones in the adult human body. The structure of bone consists of a hard outer part made of proteins (mostly collagen) and hydroxyapatite (mostly calcium and other minerals). The inner portion of bone, called trabecular bone, is softer than the hard outer cortical bone, but it still is necessary for maintaining bone strength. While the structure of all bone is the same, the bones perform various functions in the body:

Bones provide structural support for the body (i.e., a skeletal frame for attachment of organs and tissues) and protect certain organs (e.g., rib cage protects the heart).

Bones store the majority of calcium in the body.

Bones have an inner cavity which contains the bone marrow where red blood cells, white blood cells, and other components of blood are produced.

Bones undergo a process that is known as remodeling. Bone remodeling is a continuous process whereby old bone is gradually replaced by new bone. Every bone is completely reformed over a period of about 10 years. Each year, 20% of the body's bone is replaced.﻿﻿

Muscles - There are two kinds of muscle that are part of the musculoskeletal system - skeletal and smooth. The third type of muscle, cardiac, is not part of the musculoskeletal system. Skeletal muscles are bundles of contractile fibers. The action of contracting muscle is what moves various parts of the body. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and positioned in opposing groups around the joints (e.g., muscles that bend the elbow are positioned opposite muscles that straighten the elbow). Skeletal muscles are controlled by the brain and they operate voluntarily under a person's conscious direction. Smooth muscles play a role in certain bodily functions that are not under a person's control. Smooth muscle is located around some of the arteries, contracting to adjust blood flow. Smooth muscle is also around the intestines, contracting to move food and feces along the tract. While smooth muscle is also controlled by the brain, it is not voluntary. The engagement of smooth muscle is based on bodily needs - not conscious control.

Joints - The joints are where the ends of two or more bones come together. While there are joints that do not move (e.g., between the plates of the skull), most joints are capable of facilitating movement. There are two types of joints that facilitate movement: cartilaginous and synovial. Synovial joints are the type that is familiar to most people. Human synovial joints come in several varieties: ball-and socket, condyloid, gliding, hinge, pivot, and saddle joints. The ends of the bones in this type of joint are covered with cartilage. Joints are enclosed in a joint capsule which has a lining ( synovium). Cells of the synovium produce synovial fluid which nourishes the cartilage and helps to reduce friction during movement.

Cartilage - The ends of the bone that form a joint are covered with cartilage. Normal cartilage is smooth, tough, and protective of the ends of the bone. Cartilage is composed of collagen, water, and proteoglycans. Cartilage serves as a shock absorber and reduces friction with the movement of a joint.

Ligaments - Ligaments are tough, fibrous cords or bands of tissue that connect bone to bone. Ligaments are composed of collagen and elastic fibers. The elastic fibers allow ligaments to have some stretchability. Ligaments surround and support the joints, allowing movement in specific directions.

Tendons - Tendons are tough, fibrous bands of tissue that connect muscle to bone. Tendons are primarily made of collagen. Tendons are usually found within a sheath (i.e., the tendon sheath) which allows tendons to move friction-free. A tendon sheath has two layers: a synovial sheath and a fibrous tendon sheath.

Bursae - Bursae are small, fluid-filled sacs that serve as a cushion and low-friction gliding surface between adjacent moving body parts like bone, muscles, tendons, and skin. Bursae are found throughout the body. Bursae vary in size depending on their location in the body. There are approximately 160 bursae found throughout the body.

Musculoskeletal Diseases

Musculoskeletal diseases include arthritis, bursitis, and tendinitis, among others. Primary symptoms of the musculoskeletal disease include pain, stiffness, swelling, limited range of motion, weakness, fatigue, and decreased physical function.﻿﻿ A rheumatologist is a specialist in arthritis and rheumatic diseases. Orthopedic doctors also treat musculoskeletal conditions.

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What You Should Know About the Musculoskeletal System

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Musculoskeletal is a general term which, as its name suggests, relates to the muscles and the skeleton of the body. More specifically, the musculoskeletal system includes bones, muscles, joints, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and bursae. The musculoskeletal system provides stability and also allows for movement of the body.

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The three main functions of the immune system are to recognize, respond to, and remember pathogens and foreign substances.

The immune system interacts with the circulatory system primarily through the movement of immune cells and signaling molecules via the bloodstream. Immune cells, such as white blood cells, travel through the circulatory system to reach sites of infection or injury. Additionally, the circulatory system transports antibodies and other immune factors produced by the immune system to target pathogens throughout the body. This interaction helps coordinate immune responses and facilitates the removal of harmful agents from the body.

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What is the immune system?

The immune system protects your child's body from outside invaders. These include germs such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and toxins (chemicals made by microbes). The immune system is made up of different organs, cells, and proteins that work together.

There are 2 main parts of the immune system:

The innate immune system. You are born with this.

The adaptive immune system. You develop this when your body is exposed to microbes or chemicals released by microbes.

These 2 immune systems work together.

The innate immune system

This is your child's rapid response system. It is the first to respond when it finds an invader. It is made up of the skin, the eye's cornea, and the mucous membrane that lines the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts. These all create physical barriers to help protect your child's body. They protect against harmful germs, parasites (such as worms), or cells (such as cancer). The innate immune system is inherited. It is active from the moment your child is born. When this system recognizes an invader, it goes into action right away. The cells of this immune system surround and cover the invader. The invader is killed inside the immune system cells (called phagocytes).

The acquired immune system

The acquired immune system, with help from the innate system, makes special proteins (called antibodies) to protect your body from a specific invader. These antibodies are developed by cells called B lymphocytes after the body has been exposed to the invader. The antibodies stay in your child's body. It can take several days for antibodies to form. But after the first exposure, the immune system will recognize the invader and defend against it. The acquired immune system changes during your child's life. Immunizations train your child's immune system to make antibodies to protect them from harmful diseases.

The cells of both parts of the immune system are made in different organs of the body, including:

Adenoids. Two glands located at the back of the nasal passage.

Bone marrow. The soft, spongy tissue found in bone cavities.

Lymph nodes. Small organs shaped like beans, which are located all over the body and connect via the lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic vessels. A network of channels all over the body that carries lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and bloodstream.

Peyer patches. Lymphoid tissue in the small intestine.

Spleen. A fist-sized organ located in the belly (abdominal) cavity.

Thymus. Two lobes that join in front of the windpipe (trachea) behind the breastbone.

Tonsils. Two oval masses in the back of the throat.

How do antibiotics help fight infections?

Antibiotics can be used to help your child's immune system fight infections by bacteria. But antibiotics don't work for infections caused by viruses. Antibiotics were developed to kill or disable certain bacteria. That means that an antibiotic that works for a skin infection caused by a certain bacteria may not work to cure diarrhea caused by a different bacteria. Using antibiotics for viral infections or using the wrong antibiotic to treat a bacterial infection can help bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic so it won't work as well in the future. It's important to take antibiotics as prescribed and for the right amount of time. If antibiotics are stopped early, the bacteria may develop a resistance to the antibiotics. Then the infection may come back again and be harder to treat.

Most colds and acute bronchitis infections won't respond to antibiotics. You can help decrease the spread of more aggressive bacteria by not asking your child's healthcare provider for antibiotics in these cases.

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Detailed information on the immune system and how it works.

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The three main functions of the reproductive system are gamete production (sperm in males, eggs in females), sexual intercourse and fertilization, and nurturing the developing embryo and fetus.

The reproductive system interacts greatly with the endocrine system through the production and regulation of hormones. Hormones such as testosterone and estrogen are crucial for the development and function of reproductive organs, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. Additionally, hormones produced by the reproductive system, such as gonadotropins, influence the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which in turn regulate reproductive processes. This intricate interaction ensures proper functioning and coordination of both systems for successful reproduction.

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Images
Human reproductive system | Definition, Diagram & Facts | Britannica

www.britannica.com

Images may be subject to copyright.

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Please click here if you are not redirected within a few seconds. Images Human reproductive system | Definition, Diagram & Facts | Britannica www.britannica.com Images may be subject to copyright.

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Three important features of the digestive system are the merchanical and chemical breakdown of food.The absorption of nutrients and waste elimination.The digestive system interacts with the respiratory system primarily at the Pharynx, a shared pathway for both systems.The pharynx connects the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus and trachea.It allows the passage of both food and air

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The three main functions of the nervous system are sensory input, integration, and motor output.Sensory input involves gathering information from sensory receptors, integration processes and interprets this information, and motor output responds to the stimuli by activating muscles or glands.

The nervous system interacts with the immune system through various pathways. For instance, stress signals from the nervous system can modulate immune responses. Additionally, immune cells can produce signaling molecules that can affect neural activity. This bidirectional communication helps regulate both systems and maintain homeostasis.

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The nervous system has two main parts:

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

The nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs. In this way, the nervous system's activity controls the ability to move, breathe, see, think, and more.

The basic unit of the nervous system is a nerve cell, or neuron. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons. A neuron has a cell body, which includes the cell nucleus, and special extensions called axons (pronounced AK-sonz) and dendrites (pronounced DEN-drahytz). Bundles of axons, called nerves, are found throughout the body. Axons and dendrites allow neurons to communicate, even across long distances.

Different types of neurons control or perform different activities. For instance, motor neurons transmit messages from the brain to the muscles to generate movement. Sensory neurons detect light, sound, odor, taste, pressure, and heat and send messages about those things to the brain. Other parts of the nervous system control involuntary processes. These include keeping a regular heartbeat, releasing hormones like adrenaline, opening the pupil in response to light, and regulating the digestive system.

When a neuron sends a message to another neuron, it sends an electrical signal down the length of its axon. At the end of the axon, the electrical signal changes to a chemical signal. The axon then releases the chemical signal with chemical messengers called neurotransmitters (pronounced noor-oh-TRANS-mit-erz) into the synapse (pronounced SIN-aps)-the space between the end of an axon and the tip of a dendrite from another neuron. The neurotransmitters move the signal through the synapse to the neighboring dendrite, which converts the chemical signal back into an electrical signal. The electrical signal then travels through the neuron and goes through the same conversion processes as it moves to neighboring neurons.

The nervous system also includes non-neuron cells, called glia (pronounced GLEE-uh). Glia perform many important functions that keep the nervous system working properly. For example, glia:

Help support and hold neurons in place

Protect neurons

Create insulation called myelin, which helps move nerve impulses

Repair neurons and help restore neuron function

Trim out dead neurons

Regulate neurotransmitters

The brain is made up of many networks of communicating neurons and glia. These networks allow different parts of the brain to "talk" to each other and work together to control body functions, emotions, thinking, behavior, and other activities.

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What are the parts of the nervous system?

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The nervous system has two main parts: The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

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The three main functions of the respiratory system are:

1. ﻿﻿﻿Gas exchange: This involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

2. ﻿﻿﻿Ventilation: The respiratory system helps in the movement of air in and out of the lungs, ensuring a constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide.

3. ﻿﻿﻿Regulation of blood pH: By controlling the levels of carbon dioxide in the body, the respiratory system helps maintain the pH balance of the blood.

The respiratory system interacts with the immune system through several mechanisms such as Immunoglobulins: Antibodies produced by the immune system can bind to pathogens in the respiratory tract, neutralizing them and aiding in their removalL ﻿﻿﻿Inflammatory response: When pathogens are detected, the immune system triggers an inflammatory response, recruiting immune cells to the site of infection in the respiratory tract to help eliminate the invaders., and ﻿﻿﻿Lymphatic

: The lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system, drains excess fluid and immune cells from the respiratory tract, helping to clear infections.

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This chart of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM shows how you breathe. Breathing is the process that brings oxygen in the air into your lungs and moves oxygen and through your body.