# data[].attributes.body
An armistice between Germany and the Allies came into effect. Fighting ceased at 11 in the morning.

# data[].attributes.body
This imposed harsh terms on Germany. The country lost 13% of its territory and all overseas colonies. The military was restricted, and they had to accept full blame for the war.

# data[].attributes.headline
January 1933, Adolf Hitler comes to power

# data[].attributes.subject
January 1933, Adolf Hitler comes to power

# data[].attributes.body
Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany. He quickly abolished political opposition and illegally rebuilt the military.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany and Italy backed Franco’s Nationalist forces, while Western democracies remained officially neutral.

# data[].attributes.headline
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, August 23, 1939

# data[].attributes.subject
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, August 23, 1939

# data[].attributes.body
a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, secretly dividing Eastern Europe into spheres of influence.

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler launched an attack on Poland using tanks, aircrafts, and troops.

# data[].attributes.body
Britain and France had pledged to protect Poland and declared war on Germany.

# data[].attributes.headline
Soviet Union Invades Eastern Poland September 17, 1939

# data[].attributes.subject
Soviet Union Invades Eastern Poland September 17, 1939

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union invaded Poland as part of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact arranged with the Nazis.

# data[].attributes.body
After conquering most of Western Europe, Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis Powers) quickly expand their control.

# data[].attributes.headline
Germany Invades Denmark and Norway, April 9, 1940

# data[].attributes.subject
Germany Invades Denmark and Norway, April 9, 1940

# data[].attributes.body
Germany launched Operation Weserubung, invading Denmark and Norway to secure access to vital iron ore shipments from Sweden.

# data[].attributes.headline
May 10, 1940, Germany Invades France, Belgium, and the Netherlands

# data[].attributes.subject
May 10, 1940, Germany Invades France, Belgium, and the Netherlands

# data[].attributes.body
Germany began its large Western offensive, commonly known as the Fall Gelb. The Netherlands and Belgium are quickly overrun by German forces.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 10,  1940, Norway Surrenders to Germany 

# data[].attributes.subject
June 10,  1940, Norway Surrenders to Germany 

# data[].attributes.body
Denmark surrendered within a few hours of the takeover because they were militarily unprepared, but Norway held off until June 1940.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 22, 1940, France Surrenders to Germany

# data[].attributes.subject
June 22, 1940, France Surrenders to Germany

# data[].attributes.body
Paris fell on June 14, 1940, which led to France's surrender on June 22. This left Britian alone against Nazi Germany in Western Europe.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 22, 1941, Germany Invades the Soviet Union

# data[].attributes.subject
June 22, 1941, Germany Invades the Soviet Union

# data[].attributes.body
Under Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded the Soviet Union. This broke the Nazi-Soviet pact.

# data[].attributes.headline
December 7, 1941, Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

# data[].attributes.subject
December 7, 1941, Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

# data[].attributes.body
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, which brings the United States into World War 2.

# data[].attributes.headline
1942-1945, Europe, Pacific, and North Africa

# data[].attributes.subject
1942-1945, Europe, Pacific, and North Africa

# data[].attributes.body
The war now spans across multiple continents.

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union is beginning to push back against German forces.

# data[].attributes.body
Operation Torch liberated North Africa from German forces in 1943 after Britain and the US defeated German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps in 1942.

# data[].attributes.body
US and allied forces halted Japan's expansion at Midway and began a long campaign to reclaim all the territories.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 6, 1944, D-Day Invasion of Normandy

# data[].attributes.subject
June 6, 1944, D-Day Invasion of Normandy

# data[].attributes.body
This was known as Operation Overload and was the largest invasion in history. Allied forces landed on five beaches in Normandy, France, and began liberating Western Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Held in Yalta, Crimea between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin. The allies plan post-war, discussing Germany being divided into four zones, free elections promised to Eastern Europe, and the USSR agrees to join the war against Japan and join the UN.

# data[].attributes.body
This followed after Hitler's suicide and the collapse of Berlin to Soviet Troops. This is also known as V-E Day.

# data[].attributes.headline
July 17- August 2, 1945, Potsdam Conference

# data[].attributes.subject
July 17- August 2, 1945, Potsdam Conference

# data[].attributes.body
This was held in Potsdamn, Germany after the German surrender. Truman, Stalin, and Attlee finalize plans for Germany's occupation and demand Japan's surrender.

# data[].attributes.headline
Hiroshima Bombing, August 6, and Nagasaki Bombing, August 9 1945

# data[].attributes.subject
Hiroshima Bombing, August 6, and Nagasaki Bombing, August 9 1945

# data[].attributes.body
Japan refused to surrender, which resulted in the United States dropping two atomic bombs.

# data[].attributes.body
This formall ended World War 2, also known as V-J Day.

# data[].attributes.body
U.S. President Harry S. Truman announced a foreign policy committing the United States to opposing the spread of communism and supporting nations resisting totalitarian influence. Initially aimed at Greece and Turkey, this policy became known as the Truman Doctrine and marked the first major step in America’s Cold War strategy of containment.

# data[].attributes.body
The US offers over 13 billion dollars to rebuild Western European economies that were devasted by the war. The goal was to prevent the spread of communism by stablizing democratic nations.

# data[].attributes.body
The U.S., Canada, and 10 Western European nations form NATO, a mutual defense alliance. This alliance meant that an attack on one was an attack on all members. This marks the formal division between Eastern and Western Europe.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 24, 1948- May 12, 1949, Berlin Blockade and Airlift

# data[].attributes.subject
June 24, 1948- May 12, 1949, Berlin Blockade and Airlift

# data[].attributes.body
Stalin orders a blockade of all land and rail routes into West Berlin, aiming to force the Allies out of the city. In response to this the US and Britain airlift aid to sustain over 2 million people living in Berlin. When the blockade ends in May it is seen as a major Western Victory.

# data[].attributes.headline
August 29, 1949, Soviet Union Tests First Atomic Bomb 

# data[].attributes.subject
August 29, 1949, Soviet Union Tests First Atomic Bomb 

# data[].attributes.body
The USSR successfully detonates its first atomic bomb, ending the US monopoly on nuclear weapons. This enters the world into a new era of nuclear tension between the world powers.

# data[].attributes.headline
October 1, 1949, China becomes Communist

# data[].attributes.subject
October 1, 1949, China becomes Communist

# data[].attributes.body
After years of civil war, Mao Zedong’s Communist Party defeats Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists. Mao declares the founding of the PRC.

# data[].attributes.body
North Korea invades South Korea on this date. The North was supported by the Soviet Union and then also by China later on in the war.

# data[].attributes.headline
September 15, 1950, UN launches the Inchon Landing

# data[].attributes.subject
September 15, 1950, UN launches the Inchon Landing

# data[].attributes.body
This pushes North Korean Troops back.

# data[].attributes.headline
July 27, 1953, Korean Armistice Agreement signed at Panmunjom 

# data[].attributes.subject
July 27, 1953, Korean Armistice Agreement signed at Panmunjom 

# data[].attributes.body
This establishes the Demilitarized Zone by creating a ceasefire between North and South Korea. It is not a peace treaty though and the conflict continued after it was signed.

# data[].attributes.body
Stalin’s death marks the end of an era in Soviet leadership. A power struggle then ensues among top officials, culminating in Nikita Khrushchev's emergence as the new Soviet leader by 1955–1956.

# data[].attributes.headline
May 14, 1955, Creation of the Warsaw Pact

# data[].attributes.subject
May 14, 1955, Creation of the Warsaw Pact

# data[].attributes.body
In response to West Germany's joining of NATO, the Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact among communist countries. Members include the USSR, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania.

# data[].attributes.body
The Vietnam War led to division in NATO, with European countries not knowing whether or not to support the US. There are also large anti-war movements across the UK, France, and West Germany.

# data[].attributes.headline
October 23, 1956, Hungarian Uprising Begins

# data[].attributes.subject
October 23, 1956, Hungarian Uprising Begins

# data[].attributes.body
Pro-democracy protests erupt in Budapest, Hungary, demanding free elections and withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. The reformists are lead by Imre Nagy, who forms a government and promises democratic reforms.

# data[].attributes.headline
November 4, 1956, Soviet Union Invades Hungary 

# data[].attributes.subject
November 4, 1956, Soviet Union Invades Hungary 

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union invades Hungary with tanks and troops, crushing the uprising. Thousands of people are killed and Nagy is executed, this demonstrates the Soviet Union's determination to maintain control.

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union successfully launches the first artificial satellite. This is what triggers the space race. This leads to the US creating NASA on July 29, 1958.

# data[].attributes.headline
August 13, 1961, The Berlin Wall is Built 

# data[].attributes.subject
August 13, 1961, The Berlin Wall is Built 

# data[].attributes.body
East Germany constructs the Berlin Wall to provent East Germans from fleeing to the democratic West Berlin. The wall becomes one of the largest symbols of the Cold War.

# data[].attributes.headline
October 16-28, 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis

# data[].attributes.subject
October 16-28, 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis

# data[].attributes.body
The US discovers that the Soviet Union has placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, just 90 miles from Flordia. President Kennedy demands for their removal, which leads to a 13 day standoff that brings the world to the brink of a nuclear war.

# data[].attributes.headline
August 20-21, 1968, Invasion of Czechoslovakia

# data[].attributes.subject
August 20-21, 1968, Invasion of Czechoslovakia

# data[].attributes.body
The Warsaw Pact troops, led by the USSR, invaded Czechoslovakia and crushed any reforms. This is known as the Prague Spring and became a powerful symbol of resistance to Soviet domination.

# data[].attributes.body
As part of the Space Race, the United States achieved a major Cold War victory when Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon.

# data[].attributes.headline
May 26, 1972, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

# data[].attributes.subject
May 26, 1972, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

# data[].attributes.body
U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I Treaty in Moscow, marking a major achievement of détente. We are now in a period of eased tension between the two powers. In Europe, SALT I is seen as a hopeful step toward reducing the risk of nuclear war on the continent. This did not end the arms race, but it did open the door for more peaceful negotiations.

# data[].attributes.body
On October 6, Egypt and Syria launch a surprise attack on Israel during the Jewish holy day of Yom Kippur to regain territory lost in the 1967 Six-Day War. The US supported Israel while the Soviet Union provided arms and support to Egypt and Syria. This turned the conflict into a Cold War proxy battle. The conflict also caused the 1973 Oil Crisis, as Arab nations imposed an oil embargo on Western countries, leading to severe economic and energy problems in Europe and the U.S.

# data[].attributes.body
North Vietnamese forces captured Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam. This event marked the collapse of the South Vietnamese government and the unification of Vietnam under communist rule.

# data[].attributes.body
Thirty-five nations meet in Finland to sign the Helsinki Accords.

The accords mark a high point in détente and establish three key agreements:

1. Security: Recognition of postwar borders in Europe, which includes Germany's division.

2. Economic Cooperation: Promotion of trade and scientific collaboration.

3. Human Rights: Commitments to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.

# data[].attributes.headline
December 24, 1977, Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan 

# data[].attributes.subject
December 24, 1977, Soviet Union Invades Afghanistan 

# data[].attributes.body
The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to support its struggling communist government against Islamist insurgents. The U.S., seeing this as Soviet expansionism, supports the Afghan resistance fighters. This shatters the spirit of détente.

# data[].attributes.headline
September 22, 1980, The Iran and Iraq War begins

# data[].attributes.subject
September 22, 1980, The Iran and Iraq War begins

# data[].attributes.body
The war began when Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran shortly after the Iranian Revolution. Western nations, including France and Britain, quietly supported Iraq to counter Iran’s revolutionary Islamic regime. The war disrupted oil supplies, destabilizing global energy markets and raising tensions in Europe over Middle Eastern security.

# data[].attributes.headline
March 23, 1983, the US creates Strategic Defence Initative 

# data[].attributes.subject
March 23, 1983, the US creates Strategic Defence Initative 

# data[].attributes.body
The goal of SID was to create a space-based missile defense system capable of intercepting Soviet nuclear missiles before they reached U.S. soil. During this time, the USSR had a large number of ballistic missiles that the US could not effectively counter.

# data[].attributes.headline
March 11, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power

# data[].attributes.subject
March 11, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power

# data[].attributes.body
His willingness to engage diplomatically with the U.S. (especially through arms reduction talks) helped thaw Cold War tensions. He unintentially weakened communist control in Eastern Europe.

# data[].attributes.headline
April 26, 1986, Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

# data[].attributes.subject
April 26, 1986, Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

# data[].attributes.body
A reactor explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant released massive radioactive contamination across Europe. This exposed deep flaws in the Soviet Union and was a turning point in its decline.

# data[].attributes.headline
December 8, 1987, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

# data[].attributes.subject
December 8, 1987, Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty

# data[].attributes.body
The US and Russia agreed to eliminate all nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers. It marked a turning point in U.S. and Soviet relations.

# data[].attributes.body
Ended in a stalemate with over 1 million casualties and economic devastation for both sides. The war disrupted oil supplies, destabilizing global energy markets and raising tensions in Europe over Middle Eastern security.

# data[].attributes.body
Holds its first artially free election. The solidarity party wins, signaling the beginning of communist control in Eastern Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
Hungary opens its border with Austria, allowing East Germans to escape to the West. This breach in the Iron Curtain triggers mass protests in East Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
This ends communist rule in Hungary

# data[].attributes.headline
November 9, 1989, The fall of the Berlin Wall

# data[].attributes.subject
November 9, 1989, The fall of the Berlin Wall

# data[].attributes.body
After weeks of demonstrations and confusion among East German border guards, Berliners began tearing down the Wall. It becomes the defining symbol of the Cold War’s end.

# data[].attributes.body
Peaceful protests led to the fall of the communist regime and the election of Vaclav Havel as president.

# data[].attributes.body
A violent revolution ends with the execution of dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena. Romania is considered to be liberated on this day.

# data[].attributes.headline
March 18, 1990, East Germany First Free Election

# data[].attributes.subject
March 18, 1990, East Germany First Free Election

# data[].attributes.body
elects a government committed to reunification with West Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
The West German Deutsche Mark becomes the official currency of East Germany, integrating their economies.

# data[].attributes.headline
October 3, 1990, German Reunification Day

# data[].attributes.subject
October 3, 1990, German Reunification Day

# data[].attributes.body
East and West Germany formally reunite after 45 years of division.

# data[].attributes.headline
November 19–21, 1990, Paris Charter of Europe

# data[].attributes.subject
November 19–21, 1990, Paris Charter of Europe

# data[].attributes.body
Signed by 34 nations, including the U.S. and USSR, affirming the end of the Cold War and a new era of democracy and cooperation in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
A majority of Soviet citizens vote to preserve the USSR, but republics like Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Georgia move toward independence.

# data[].attributes.headline
June 27 – July 7, 1991, Ten-Day War (Slovenia)

# data[].attributes.subject
June 27 – July 7, 1991, Ten-Day War (Slovenia)

# data[].attributes.body
After Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia, brief fighting broke out between the Slovenian Territorial Defense and the Yugoslav People’s Army.

# data[].attributes.headline
1991–1995 , Croatian War of Independence

# data[].attributes.subject
1991–1995 , Croatian War of Independence

# data[].attributes.body
Croatia’s declaration of independence led to war with ethnic Serb rebels backed by Yugoslavia. This conflicted ended with the Dayton Accords.

# data[].attributes.body
Ethnic Albanian insurgents fought Serbian forces for independence. NATO intervened in 1999 without UN approval, launching airstrikes on Yugoslavia.

# data[].attributes.body
Russia launched a campaign to regain control of Chechnya after Islamist militants attacked Dagestan and bombed Moscow.

# data[].attributes.headline
2001–2014, European Involvement in Afghanistan

# data[].attributes.subject
2001–2014, European Involvement in Afghanistan

# data[].attributes.body
After 9/11, NATO invoked Article 5 and joined the U.S. led invasion of Afghanistan to remove the Taliban.

# data[].attributes.body
Georgia attempted to regain control of breakaway South Ossetia, and Russia intervened militarily. The brief war resulted in Russian recognition of South Ossetia.

# data[].attributes.body
European NATO members led airstrikes to enforce a UN-backed no-fly zone against Gaddafi’s regime during the Libyan Civil War.

# data[].attributes.headline
February 24, 2022-Present, Russian Ukrainian War

# data[].attributes.subject
February 24, 2022-Present, Russian Ukrainian War

# data[].attributes.body
Russia launched a full invasion of Ukraine. Major battles include Kyiv, Mariupol, Bakhmut, and Kharkiv. Massive Western support for Ukraine.