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Timeline of Anne Frank's Life and the Nazi's rise to Power

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Timeline of Anne Frank's Life and the Nazi's rise to Power

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Nazi Germany did not start by broadcasting a plan to exterminate all Jews. It is just as important to remember what happened leading up to the Holocaust as it is to remember the Holocaust itself.

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Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz

Anne Frank and her family fled Germany after the Nazis seized power in 1933 and resettled in the Netherlands, where her father, Otto, had business connections. The Germans occupied Amsterdam in May 1940, and two years later German authorities with help from their Dutch collaborators began rounding up Jews and ultimately deported them to killing centers.

In July 1942, Anne, her sister, Margot, her mother, Edith, and her father went into hiding. They huddled into a secret attic apartment behind the office of the family-owned business at 263 Prinsengracht Street, which would eventually hide four Dutch Jews as well.

While in hiding, Anne kept a diary in which she recorded her fears, hopes, and experiences. She received her first diary on her 13th birthday, June 12, 1942. She wrote:

I hope I shall be able to confide in you completely, as I have never been able to do in anyone before, and I hope that you will be a great support and comfort to me.

I expect you will be interested to hear what it feels like to hide; well, all I can say is that I don't know myself yet. I don't think I shall ever feel really at home in this house but that does not mean that I loathe it here, it is more like being on vacation in a very peculiar boardinghouse. Rather a mad way of looking at being in hiding perhaps but that is how it strikes me. [July 11, 1942] The fact that we can never go outside bothers me more than I can say, and then I'm really afraid that we'll be discovered and shot, not a very nice prospect, needless to say. [July 11, 1942]

Anne also wrote short stories, fairy tales, and essays. In her diary, she reflected on her "pen children," as she called her writings. On September 2, 1943, she began to meticulously copy them into a notebook and added a table of contents so that it would resemble a published book. She gave it the title "Stories and Events from the Annex." Occasionally she read a story to the inhabitants of the annex, and she wrote about her intention to send one of her fairy tales to a Dutch magazine. Increasingly, she expressed her desire to be an author or journalist.

On March 28, 1944, a radio broadcast from the Dutch government-in-exile in London urged the Dutch people to keep diaries, letters, and other items that would document life under German occupation. Prompted by this announcement, Anne began to edit her diary, hoping to publish it after the war under the title "The Secret Annex." From May 20 until her arrest on August 4, 1944, she transferred nearly two-thirds of her diary from her original notebooks to loose pages, making various revisions in the process.

Just imagine how interesting it would be if I were to publish a romance of the "Secret Annex." The title alone would be enough to make people think it was a detective story. But, seriously, it would be quite funny 10 years after the war if we Jews were to tell how we lived and what we ate and talked about here. Although I tell you a lot, still, even so, you only know very little of our lives. [March 29, 1944]

On April 17, 1944, Anne began writing in what turned out to be her final diary notebook. On the first page she wrote about herself: "The owner's maxim: Zest is what man needs!" A few months later, she and the other inhabitants of the annex celebrated the Allied invasion of France, which took place on June 6, 1944. They were certain the war would soon be over.

In one of her last diary entries, dated July 15, 1944, Anne wrote:

I simply can't build up my hopes on a foundation consisting of confusion, misery and death, I see the world gradually being turned into a wilderness, I hear the ever approaching thunder, which will destroy us too, I can feel the sufferings of millions and yet, if I look up into the heavens, I think that it will all come right, that this cruelty too will end, and that peace and tranquility will return again. In the meantime, I must uphold my ideals, for perhaps the time will come when I shall be able to carry them out. yours, Anne M. Frank.

On August 4, 1944, Anne, her family, and the others in hiding were arrested by German and Dutch police officials. Her last entry was written on August 1, 1944.

The Diary Survives

The Franks and the four others hiding with them were discovered by the German SS and police on August 4, 1944. A German official and two Dutch police collaborators arrested the Franks the same day. They were soon sent to the Westerbork transit camp and then to concentration camps.

Anne's mother Edith Frank died in Auschwitz in January 1945. Anne and her sister Margot both died of typhus at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in February or March 1945. Their father, Otto, survived the war after Soviet forces liberated Auschwitz on January 27, 1945.

Otto Frank later described what it was like when the Nazis entered the annex in which he had been hiding. He said an SS man picked up a portfolio and asked whether there were any jewels in it. When Otto Frank said it only contained papers, the SS man threw the papers (and Anne Frank's diary) on the floor, walking away with silverware and a candlestick in his briefcase. "If he had taken the diary with him," Otto Frank recalled, "no one would ever have heard of my daughter."

Miep Gies, one of the Dutch citizens who hid the Franks during the Holocaust, kept Anne Frank's writings, including her diary. She handed the papers to Otto Frank on the day he learned of his daughters' deaths. He organized the papers and worked doggedly to get the diary published, first in Dutch in 1947. The first American edition appeared in 1952.

The Diary of Anne Frank did not become a best-seller until after it was adapted for the stage, premiering in 1955 and winning a Pulitzer Prize the next year. The book remains immensely popular, having been translated into more than 70 languages and having sold more than 30 million copies.

There are three versions of the diary. The first is the diary as Anne originally wrote it from June 1942 to August 1944. Anne hoped to publish a book based on her entries, especially after a Dutch official announced in 1944 that he planned to collect eyewitness accounts of the German occupation. She then began editing her work, leaving out certain passages. That became the second version. Her father created a third version with his own edits as he sought to get the diary published after the war.

The third version is the most popularly known. Not all of the versions include Anne's criticism of her mother or the references to her developing curiosity about sex -- the latter of which would have been especially controversial in 1947.

The home where the Franks hid in Amsterdam also continues to attract a large audience. Now known as the Anne Frank House, it drew more than 1.2 million visitors in 2017.

New Educational Resource
Diaries as Historical Sources Lesson
Students study examples of diaries written by young people during the Holocaust, particularly examining the ways in which Anne Frank, the most famous diarist of the Holocaust, thought about her audience while writing. By analyzing these diaries as sources, students are encouraged to think of themselves as historical actors and to consider how they are documenting their experiences for future historians.

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Anne Frank: Diary | Holocaust Encyclopedia

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The Diary of Anne Frank is often the first exposure readers have to the history of the Holocaust. Learn about Anne's diary, including excerpts and images.

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The Power of Forgiveness. Self-healing and Self-Liberation

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The Power of Forgiveness. Self-healing and Self-Liberation

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Anne Frank's Story was one of millions. Why is it important to remember such atrocities? Why do you think she decided to forgive Dr. Munch and then Dr. Mangela? Do you think they deserve her forgiveness? Do you think she should have forgiven them?

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I Survived The Holocaust Twin Experiments | This Is That Story | BuzzFeed Video

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Were Nazi's 'Uniquely Evil' or Ordinary people, 'following orders'?

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Were Nazi's 'Uniquely Evil' or Ordinary people, 'following orders'?

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How could so many people support Hitler? - Joseph Lacey

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To be completed after learning about the holocaust, possibly a good way to transition into analyzing current media ads/movies/content in the USA and around the world

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The Nazi's Rise to Power 38 Minute Film (To be shown in parts)

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The Nazi's Rise to Power 38 Minute Film (To be shown in parts)

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To be shown and discussed further after the Youtube Short Video, specifically from "Citizen to Outcast"

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The Path to Nazi Genocide - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

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NARRATOR: Paris, 1900. More than fifty million people from around the world visited the Universal Exposition-a world's fair intended to promote greater understanding and tolerance among nations, and to celebrate the new century, new inventions, exciting progress. The 20th century began much like our own-with hope that education, science and technology could create a better, more peaceful world.

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To be transformed into an activity that can be done online, similar to this with Links/videos/images that can be easily viewed allowing for students to find more information and include it in this activity.

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To use as a starting point for comparing other dictators rise to power (Other countries and people throughout time are at risk of repeating history)

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Mussolini, Fascism, the Economy and Wounded National Pride 

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Mussolini, Fascism, the Economy and Wounded National Pride 

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Asking students to find similarities to Hitler, and any modern-day talking points they might hear from parents, media, teachers, etc.

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History Brief: Benito Mussolini Gains Power in Italy