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Clare Devlin (played by Nicola Coughlan) is a character of a high school student in ‘Derry Girls’, a sitcom set in Londonderry, Northern Ireland.

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Northern Ireland, also sometimes referred to as Ulster, is a part of the United Kingdom. It is located in the northeastern quadrant of the island of Ireland, which explains the name ‘Northern Ireland’. Belfast, the capital city and also the largest city is known for its rich history, vibrant culture, and stunning landscapes. Although they had several conflicts in the past which caused it to separate from the rest of Ireland, Northern Ireland has been working towards peace and is now a welcoming and peaceful place to visit.

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Alfie Solomons, a character portrayed by Tom Hardy in a British crime drama television series named 'Peaky Blinders'.

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Why Northern Ireland is a part of United Kingdom and not the Republic of Ireland?

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Why Northern Ireland is a part of United Kingdom and not the Republic of Ireland?

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The division of Ireland is caused by three factors which are historical, religious, and national identity.

History: In the early 20th century, Ireland sought independence from the United Kingdom. A treaty in 1921 led to the creation of the Irish Free State, which is now known as the Republic of Ireland, and Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom.

Religion: There's a religious divide between both parts of Ireland. Most of Northern Ireland is mainly Protestant while the Republic of Ireland is mainly consist of Catholic. This has often caused tension as the Protestant community often identifies as British and wants to maintain Northern Ireland's status as part of the United Kingdom. On the other hand, the Catholic community in Northern Ireland often identifies more closely with the Republic of Ireland and desires reunification.

National Identity: While most people in the rest of Ireland wanted independence, most people in Northern Ireland identified as British and wished to remain a part of the United Kingdom.

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Why is Ireland Divided? (Short Animated Documentary)

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Evolution of the English language in Ireland

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Evolution of the English language in Ireland

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Phonemic variation is also known as phonological free variation. According to Mompean (2008), it is a well-known phonological phenomenon in which two or more phonemes, known as free variants, can replace each other in the same position in a word without changing its meaning.

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Cockneys are traditionally located in London's East End, specifically Bow, Hackney, Stepney, and their neighbouring areas. However, as people move and neighbourhoods change, Cockneys can now be found living in other parts of London too.

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Lexical variation can be defined as the differences in vocabulary and word choice that occur between different varieties of a language. This can happen due to regional differences, socioeconomic differences, cultural influences, or historical factors.

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Prosodic variation, also known as suprasegmental phonology, is the study of the sound patterns and melodic features found in a speaker's speech. It involves elements such as speech rhythm, intonation, stress, pitch, and more. Moreover, prosody can give our words more meaning, convey our feelings, and give our speech more structure and clarity.

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According to Britannica (2024), the East End of London is an old part of the city located to the east of places like Shoreditch High Street, Houndsditch, Aldgate High Street, and Tower Bridge Approach. It stretches all the way to the River Lea and is mostly in the Tower Hamlets borough. The East End of London is well known for its immigrant populations, poverty, and Cockney accents.

The East End of London has undergone significant change as a result of the immigration of people from various countries. Back then, it used to be primarily populated by working-class and immigrant families. Now, it is a mix of different cultures, as there are many British Bangladeshis, Afro-Caribbeans, Eastern Europeans, and other ethnicities living there.

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East London

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1. Rhoticity

Rhoticity can be defined as the pronunciation of the letter consonant /r/ in all contexts (Costa & Serra, 2022). It is a common feature of the Northern Irish accent. Other than that, the feature can also be found in Scottish English and North American English. In contrast, non-rhotic is when the pronunciation of the letter consonant /r/ is dropped which can be seen in New Zealand English and Australian English.

The example of rhoticity that is shown by Clare is pronouncing the word “before” as /bɪˈfɔːr/.

2. Vowel shortening

Also known as vowel reduction. It usually occurs in unstressed syllables which causes a pronunciation that is less distinct.

For instance, Clare pronounced the word “fail” with a shortened “a” sound which was pronounced as /fæl/.

3. No /aʊ/ diphthong

According to Demirezen (2020), diphthongs are a combination of two separate vowels that glide together to form a single syllable. However, there is no /aʊ/ diphthong in the Northern Irish accent. It is usually often pronounced as a single long vowel sound /oː/.

For example, the word “down” is pronounced by Clare as /doːn/.

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An example of lexical variation from the speaker is the usage of the phrase “crack on”. The meaning is to continue or proceed to do something. It is commonly used as an informal expression in Northern Ireland.

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1. Stress

In a prosodic variation context, stress can be referred to as emphasis placed on certain syllables within words or on certain words within sentences. It is usually used to highlight important information or to emphasize on certain matters.

For example, Clare stresses the word “ergo” to emphasize the consequences that will happen.

2. Pitch

While speaking, pitch can be higher or lower depending on the context. It can change based on the speaker’s feelings or intentions.

For instance, at the end of the sentence "Right, so is it a bit weird that two men we’ve never seen before just sort of took away a load of really expensive equipment in the middle of the night?" which was spoken by Clare, her pitch is higher compared to the beginning of the sentence. This shows her intention to ask question instead of stating information.

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Speaker's information

Video of the accent

Transcription

Demographics of Northern Ireland

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Speaker's information

Video of the accent

Transcription

Demographics of East End London

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Northern Irish English

Cockney English

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Phonemic Variations

Northern Irish English

Cockney English

Prosodic Variations

Northern Irish English

Cockney English

Lexical Variations

Northern Irish English

Cockney English

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Name: Norshafiqah binti Shahril Nizar

Age: 20

Group: LG2432D

Student ID: 2023699392

Chosen English: Northern Irish English

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Name: Nur Khadijah Sufiah binti Norazman

Age: 20

Group: LG2432D

Student ID: 2023299262

Chosen English: Cockney English

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1. Th-fronting

Unlike other native English, the "th" sound at the beginning or middle of words is pronounced differently in Cockney English. Instead of placing the tongue between the teeth to produce the "th" sounds, Cockney speakers touch their lips to their teeth.

For example, instead of pronouncing "anything" as /eniθɪŋ/, Alfie pronounced it as /enifɪŋ/.

This pronunciation shift is intended to make speech flow more smoothly and effortlessly.

2. Glottal stops at /t/

Cockney speakers often replace the /t/ sound with glottal stops in specific word positions, particularly when the /t/ is between vowels or before syllabic consonants such as /ə/.

As in scene 2, Alfie pronounced the word "battered" as /bæ?əd/.

The /t/ sound in the middle is replaced with a glottal stop. Instead of fully pronouncing the /t/ sound by touching the tongue to the roof of the mouth, Cockney speakers produce a glottal stop by briefly closing their vocal cords.

3. H-dropping

The absence of the “h” sound, known as “h-dropping”, is common in popular London dialects, including Cockney, as well as in other parts of England and Wales (López, 2007). H-dropping is a linguistic phenomenon where speakers drop the "h" sound, particularly at the beginning of words.

For instance, Alfie pronounced the word "how" (/haʊ/) as /aʊ/.

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1. Intonation and pitch

Cockney speech is dynamic, with ups and downs. According to Mott (2022), when Cockney speakers use question tags to seek agreement or confirmation, their tone drops at the end. However, when someone is genuinely unsure, doubtful, or asks a legitimate question, their tone rises.

As we have seen in scene 5, Alfie's tone rises near the end when he asks "But I was wondering, how does that work for you on a day-to-day, considering your line of work, mate?". This indicates both uncertainty and sarcasm.

1. Rhythm
Cockney English speakers often simplify words by combining pronunciations into a single syllable.

For example, we could see in scene 4, Alfie used the word "ain't" (/eint/) in his sentence, which is a combination of "am not" and "is not".

This reduction contributes to the rhythm and flow of speech, especially in casual or informal conversation when Cockney speakers are speaking. By embracing reduction and simplification, Cockney speakers can maintain their speech fluid and dynamic, even in casual or rapid.

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Rhyming slang is a way of talking where you use a phrase that rhymes with the word you want to say.

For example, instead of saying "mate", someone might say "china plate".

"Mate" is a friendly way to address someone you know, as it similar to saying "buddy" or "friend" to your friend. When Cockney speakers call someone "china plate", that means they see you as a friend, as it is not specifically referring to Chinese people. But nowadays, most Cockney speakers just say "mate" instead of using rhyming slang because it is not as popular as it used to be.

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Jamie Dornan Teaches You Northern Irish Slang | Vanity Fair

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Ireland vs Northern Ireland - What's the Difference?

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Adele with her Cockney accent

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Learn English with Adele | Cockney vs Received Pronunciation