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6A:
extra-people who help populate the background of movies and tv shows.
miming-portraying character.
dubbed film-it replaces original dialogues with the new language.
plot-the story of book, movie, etc.
review-discussion of the quality of something.

Sentences: The plot twist shocked me.
I prefer watching dubbed films, because it’s so comfortable.

6B:
knuckles-a part of a finger
thigh-the part of a leg between hip and knee.
calf-the posterior portion of the lower leg. sole-the undersurface of a foot.
instep-the part of a foot between ball and ankle.
spleen-an abdominal organ involved in the production and removal of blood cells in most vertebrates and forming part of the immune system.(селезенка)
intesline-the long and tube-shaped organ.
to frown-an expression of displeasure.

Sentence: Her sister used to frown too much, so now she has wrinkles between her brows.
My thighs hurt so bad, because I forgot to do stretches before dancing.

7A:
tibia-the inner and typically larger of the two bones between the knee and the ankle.
expelling-force someone to leave a place(school etc.)
apprenticeship-a person who is learning a trade or art by experience under a skilled worker.
recruitment team-they interview and test job seekers.

Sentences:
Garam was expelled from her work.
The recruitment team of my parents’ office works the best.

7B:
broadband-high-speed internet access. stains-mark with something that is not easily removed.
the outskirts-the outer part of a city. chimney-a pipe which conducts smoke.
attic-room inside the roof.

Sentences: I hate to stay in the attic of my grandparents’ house, which is located on the outskirts, because of the noises that the chimney makes.

8A:
resign-voluntarily leave a job.

Sentences: My dad decided to resign because of the health problems.

8B:
A debit card-let you buy things without carrying cash.
A discount-a reduction made from a regular or list price.
A bargain-a thing bought or offered for sale much more cheaply than is usual or expected.

Sentences: I got a bargain on the train tickets.

9A:

hitchhike-travel by getting free lifts in passing vehicles.

Sentences: In my opinion, it is not safe to travel by hitchhiking.

9B:

inbox messages-it allows users to message one another behind the password.
software-a set of instructions.

Sentences: My inbox is staffed with my university’s emails.
I think I need to update my software.

10A:
suspension system-a mechanical system of springs.

Sentences: My brother’s new car has developed suspension system.

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6A:
PASSIVE (all tenses)
We often use the passive (be + past participle) when it isn't said, known, or important who does an action.

Andy's bike has been stolen. (= somebody has stolen Andy's bike, but we don't know who). In passive sentences, the object of the verb becomes the new subject.
We often use the passive to talk about processes, for example, scientific processes, and in formal language, such as news reports.

6B:
MODALS OF DEDUCTION (might, can’t, must)
might (when you think something is possibly true)

E: Tony's phone is switched off. He might be on the plane now, or just boarding.

can't (when you are sure something is impossible / not true)

E: Nigel can't earn much money in his job. He's still living with his parents.

must (when you are sure something is true)

E: The neighbours must be out. There aren't any lights on in the house.

7A:
FIRST CONDITIONAL AND FUTURE TIME CLAUSES
first conditional sentences: if + present simple, will/won't + infinitive

E: If you work hard, vou'll pass your exams.
We use first conditional sentences to talk about a possible / probable future situation and its consequence.

7B:
SECOND CONDITIONAL, choosing between conditionals.
second conditional sentences: if + past simple, would / wouldn't + infinitive.
E: If I had a job, I'd get my own flat.

We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical / imaginary present or future situation and its consequence.

8A:
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
We use the gerund (verb + -ing)

1)after prepositions and phrasal verbs.

2)as the subject of a sentence.

3)after some verbs, e.g. hate, don't mind.

‼️Common verbs which take the gerund include: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, and some phrasal verbs, e.g. give up, go on, etc.‼️

The negative gerund = not + verb + -ing.

Examples: I’m not very good at writing essay.
I don’t mind having dessert.

We use the infinitive + to:

1)after adjectives.

2)to express a reason or purpose.

3)after some verbs, e.g. want, need, learn.

‼️Common verbs which take the infinitive include: (can't) afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like. ‼️❗️

The negative   infinitive = not to + verb.

Examples:My office is very hard ti find.
During dinner with my family try not to talk too much.

‼️These common verbs can take either the infinitive or gerund with no difference in meaning: start, begin, continue.‼️

It started to rain. It started raining.
like, love, and hate

In American English, like, love, and hate are followed by the infinitive with to. This is becoming more common in British English too, e.g. I like to listen to music in the car.

8B:
reported speech: sentences and questions

When reporting someone's words:

Change tenses if the reporting verb is in the past.

Modal verbs often change (can -> could, may -> might, must -> had to).

Pronouns usually need to change.

Using "that" after "said" and "told" is optional.
When reporting someone's words from a different time or place:

Time and place words can change.

"Tomorrow" -> "the next day", "here" -> "there", "this" -> "that", etc.

"I'll meet you here tomorrow." -> He said he'd meet me there the next day.
When reporting a question:

Tenses change as in reported statements.

If the question doesn't begin with a question word, add "if" or "whether".

Change the word order to subject + verb and don't use "do" or "did".

9A:
THIRD CONDITIONAL:

Used for hypothetical situations in the past.

Form: if + past perfect + would have + past participle.

Contraction: 'd for both "had" and "would".

Might or could can be used for less certain results.

Examples:
If Jennie hadn’t gone to Met Gala, she wouldn’t have became vip guest.
Would you have gone to the party if you’d known Yuma was there?

9B:
QUANTIFIERS:

Large quantities:

Use "a lot of" or "lots of" in affirmative sentences. "Loads of" is more informal.

Use "a lot" without a noun.

"Much/many" are used in negative sentences and questions, but "a lot of" can also be used.

Use "plenty of" in affirmative sentences (more than enough).
Example: There aren’t many cafes near here.

Small quantities:

Use "a little" with uncountable nouns and "a few" with plural countable nouns.

"Very little" and "very few" mean not much or not many.

The comparative of "little" is "less" and the comparative of "few" is "fewer".
Example:The town only has a few cinemas.

More or less than needed:

Use "too + adjective/adverb" for more than needed.

Use "too much" with uncountable nouns and "too many" with plural countable nouns.

Use "(not) enough" before a noun or after an adjective or adverb.
Example:There’s too much noise.

Zero quantity:

Use "any + uncountable/plural noun" with a negative verb.

Use "no + uncountable/plural noun" with a verb.

Use "none" in short answers without a noun.
Example:We don’t have any eggs.

10A:
RELATIVE CLAUSES:defining and non-defining:

Defining relative clauses (essential information):

Relative pronouns: who (for people), which (for things/animals), where (for places).

"That" can replace "who" or "which".

Use "whose" to indicate possession.

Relative pronouns can be omitted if the verb has a different subject in the relative clause.
Example:That's the house where I was born.

Non-defining relative clauses (non-essential information):

Provide extra information in a sentence.

Must be set off by commas.

Relative pronouns cannot be omitted.

"That" cannot be used instead of "who" or "which".
Example:Last week I visited my aunt Roza, who's nearly 50 years old.

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•LEARN NEW VOCABULARY📚

•IMPROVE MY PRONUNCIATION🗣️

•KNOW AND FEEL WHERE TO USE AN APPROPRIATE GRAMMAR✍🏻

•SPEAK A LOT(but only meaningful things)👥

REFLECTIVE ESSAY:
Before starting this course, I set goals that I wanted to achieve by the end of it. One of them was to learn new vocabulary. During the class, I’ve learned so many new words that I use in my daily life. Also, I’ve learned how to make nouns from verbs and adverbs from adjectives. The second goal was to improve my pronunciation. To be honest, in the first semester of B1 class, I didn’t pay attention to the pronunciation part of each unit. But starting in the second semester, I started to practice more to improve my pronunciation with the new teacher, so now I have little improvement, but I won’t stop and will keep improving it. The next goal was to always use appropriate grammar. Even now, sometimes it’s hard for me to write and speak without making grammar mistakes, but I am trying my best by repeating and revising rules from the grammar bank. The last but not least goal was to speak a lot in the class and take part in classroom activities. This goal is the most important for me because I am an introverted and shy person. Speaking in front of other students, who are my agemates, was my biggest fear to overcome. But by making group presentations and works, I gained the confidence to speak in front of others without fear of judgment. So I am very grateful to the TFL 120 course for helping me achieve my academic goals and overcome my communication difficulties. I really enjoyed the class.

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HAVING DIGITAL DETOX

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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HAVING DIGITAL DETOX

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A digital detox is a way to stay away from digital devices for a period of time. It can be a week or two, even months. A lot of people want to try to do digital detox, but some of them doubt the usefulness of detox, fearing its disadvantages.

But not everyone knows that with detox, we begin to appreciate our environment, nature, and, most importantly, time. Although the first time will be rather boring out of habit, gradually we will begin to notice many interesting activities in real life. Also, the eyes will rest from the screen phones and TV. During detox, we will also begin to change spiritually through intimate conversations with real people.

But for people whose jobs are online, finding time for digital detox is very difficult. After all, it’s a source of income, and they always need to be connected. And in general, detox is not suitable for everyone. While some will enjoy these moments without gadgets, others may fall into depression if they do not have someone or something that supports them and spends time together.

In conclusion, I want to say that before having a digital detox, everyone should prepare morally and convince themselves that even if it is difficult, they will do it for themselves. Because it's one of the ways to make your life better, happier, and healthier.

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Verbs that require gerund: admit, avoid, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel like, finish, hate, keep, like, love, mind, miss, practise, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, and some phrasal verbs, e.g. give up, go on, etc.

Verbs that require infinitive: afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, hope, learn, need, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, remember, seem, try, want, would like.

Bare infinitive:can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, and will.