# data[].attributes.body
Burst of respiration-respiration climateric

Ethylene production

Softening

Changes to colour to flavour

# data[].attributes.body
- Nutritional quality
- Flavour
- Processing quality
- Shelf life

# data[].attributes.body
Nutritional quality

Flavour

Processing quality

Shelf life

# data[].attributes.body
- Burst of respiration
- Ethylene production
- Softening
- Changes to colour to flavour

# data[].attributes.body
Climacteric fruits are fruits that need ethylene for ripening such as tomato,apple and banana. A non-climacteric fruits are fruits that does not need ethylene for it to ripen such as grape, watermelon and strawberries.

# data[].attributes.body
Nutritional quality

Flavour

Processing quality

Shelf-life

# data[].attributes.body
Climacteric fruits need ethylene for ripening and rise in cellular respiration such as tomato, banana and so on. Non-climacteric fruits do not need ethylene for ripening such as grapes and watermelon.

# data[].attributes.body
Nutritional quality

Flavour

Processing quality

Shelf-life

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 which synthesizes Phytoene synthase which functions to Lycopene synthesis that gives red colouration.

pTOM6 synthesizes Polygalacturonoase which functions in the degradation of cell wall resulting in fruit softening.

pTOM13 synthesizes ACC oxidase which functions to Ethylene formation that triggers fruit ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
Burst of respiration -respiratory climacteric

Ethylene production

Softening

Changes to colour to flavour

# data[].attributes.body
Nutritional value

Flavor

Processing quality

Shelf-life

# data[].attributes.body
Burst of respiration

Ethylene production

Softening

Changes to colour to flavour

# data[].attributes.body
Climacteric fruit – Needs Ethylene for ripening. Apples, bananas, melons, apricots,
tomatoes are examples.

Non Climacteric Fruit- Does not need Ethylene for ripening, Citrus, grapes, strawberries are examples.

# data[].attributes.body
- pTOM5 synthesized by enzyme phytoene synthase which function in synthesized lycopene that give red colouration.
- pTOM6 synthesized by polygalacturonase which function in degradation of cell wall, resulting in fruit softening.
- pTOM 13 synthesized by ACC oxidase which function in ethylene formation that triggers fruit ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
Climateric fruits

Require ethylene for ripening

Continue ripening after harvest

Production of ethylene increase along with the rate of respiration

Eg. Tomato, apple,mango, melon

Non climacteric fruits

Do not require ethylene for ripening

Mature slowly while attached to the parent plants

The respiration rate is not influenced by the ripening process

Eg. Citrus, grape, watermelon, berries

# data[].attributes.body
Burst of respiration

Ethylene production

Softening

Changes to color to flavor

# data[].attributes.body
It involves the antisense RNA approach.The softening of the fruit is largely due to degradation of the cell wall (pectin) by the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG).The gene responsible for PG, the rotting enzyme, has been cloned
(pTOM 6).

Genetic manipulation of the enzyme PG by antisense RNA approach

Mechanism of PG antisense RNA approach

Inhibition of polygalacturonase (PG)

Flavr Savr (pronounced flavour saver) by employing PC antisense RNA

# data[].attributes.body
Nutritional quality
Flavour
Processing quality
Shelf-life

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5:Lycopene synthesis which gives red coloration

pTOM6:Synthesizes Polygalacturonoase which functions in the degradation of cell wall resulting in fruit softening.

pTOM13:Synthesizes ACC oxidase which functions to Ethylene formation that triggers fruit ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
Climateric fruits
Require ethylene for ripening. Continue ripening after harvest.
E.g.: tomato, banana, peach
Non-climateric fruits
Does not require ethylene for ripening
E.g.: grape, watermelon

# data[].attributes.body
burst of respiration – respiratory climacteric

Ethylene production

Softening

Changes to colour to flavour

# data[].attributes.body
Climacteric fruits require ethylene to ripen and will continue to ripen after harvest. An example will be banana.
Non-climacteric fruits do not require ethylene to ripen and will not ripen further once harvested. An example will be strawberries.

# data[].attributes.body
It involves antisense RNA approach. The softening of the fruit is largely due to degradation of the cell wall
(pectin) by the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG). The responsible gene for PG, the rotting enzyme, has been cloned. (pTOM6)

# data[].attributes.body
Antisense PG fruit still change colour and accumulate sugars and
flavour compounds.Some cloning of ripening-related genes – involved in transient burst of ethylene production – pTOM13. pTOM13 – second ethylene-forming enzymes in the two-step pathway from S-adenosylmethionine to ethylene.

# data[].attributes.body
To genetically manipulate and delay the fruit ripening process.
Involves the antisense RNA approach.
The softening of the fruit is largely due to degradation of the cell wall
(pectin) by the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG).
The gene responsible for PG, the rotting enzyme, has been cloned
(pTOM 6).

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 (Phytoene synthase) - Lycopene synthesis that gives red coloration

pTOM6 (Polygalacturonase) - Degradation of cell wall, resulting in fruit softening

pTOM13 (ACC oxidase) - Ethylene formation that triggers fruit ripening

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM 5 produced phytoene synthase for lycopene synthesis that gives red colouration

pTOM6 produced polygalacturonase for degradation of cell wall, causing fruit softening

pTOM13 produced ACC oxidase for ethylene formation that induces fruit ripening

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 – encodes phytoene synthase – a key enzymes in the biosynthesis of red pigments, lycopene.

Antisense of pTOM5 – plants produce yellow fruit during ripening.

Overexpressing pTOM5 – produce lycopene ectopically, but plants
have shorter height.

Ectopic phytoene synthase activity – reduce gibberellin synthesis.

Gibberellins – important in stem elongation.

# data[].attributes.body
Antisense PG fruit still change colour and accumulate sugars and flavour compounds.

Some cloning of ripening-related genes – involved in transient burst of ethylene production – pTOM13

pTOM13 – second ethylene-forming enzymes in the two-step pathway from S-adenosylmethionine to ethylene.

# data[].attributes.body
Antisense RNA approach is applied to manipulate and delay the fruit ripening process. Softening of the fruit is largely due to degradation of the cell wall (pectin) by the enzyme polygalacturonase (PG). The gene responsible for PG, the rotting enzyme, has been cloned
(pTOM 6).

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5- Lycopene synthesis that gives red colouration.

pTOM6- Degradation of cell wall, resulting in fruit softening.

pTOM13- Ethylene formation that triggers fruit ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
Polygalacturonase (PG) antisense RNA approach is applied to delay the fruit ripening process. The softening of the fruit is largely due to degradation of the cell wall (pectin) by the enzyme PG. The gene responsible for PG, the rotting enzyme, has been cloned (pTOM 6).

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 – encodes phytoene synthase – a key enzymes in the biosynthesis of red pigments, lycopene.

Antisense of pTOM5 – plants produce yellow fruit during ripening.

Overexpressing pTOM5 – produce lycopene ectopically, but plants have shorter height.

Ectopic phytoene synthase activity – reduce gibberellin synthesis.

Gibberellins – important in stem elongation.

# data[].attributes.body
Cloning of ripening-related genes involved in transient burst of ethylene production is pTOM13 which are second ethylene-forming enzymes in the two-step pathway from S-adenosylmethionine to ethylene. Strategy 1 and 2 referred to as antisense ethylene technology

Strategy 1 – Antisense gene of ACC oxidase

Strategy 2 – Antisense gene of ACC synthase

Strategy 3 – Insertion of ACC deaminase gene

# data[].attributes.body
1. Pelagonidin 3-glucoside —
brick red/orange.

2. Cyanidin 3-glucoside – red.

3. Delphinidin 3-glucoside —
blue to purple.

# data[].attributes.body
Cloning of ripening-related genes which involved in transient burst of ethylene production such as pTOM13, a second ethylene-forming enzymes in the two-step pathway from S-adenosylmethionine to ethylene.

Strategy 1 – Antisense gene of ACC oxidase

Strategy 2 – Antisense gene of ACC synthase

Strategy 3 – Insertion of ACC deaminase gene

# data[].attributes.body
Antisense PG fruit still change colour and accumulate sugars and
flavour compounds. Some cloning of ripening-related genes which involved in transient burst of ethylene production – pTOM13. It is second ethylene-forming enzymes in the two-step pathway from S-adenosylmethionine to ethylene.

# data[].attributes.body
Pelagonidin 3-glucoside —brick red/orange

Cyanidin 3-glucoside – red.

Delphinidin 3-glucoside — blue to purple.

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 antisense approach can be applied for colour modification in tomato. pTOM5 encodes phytoene synthase which is a key enzymes in the biosynthesis of red pigments, lycopene causing the plant to produce yellow fruit during ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 which encodes phytoene synthase is a key enzymes in the
biosynthesis of red pigments, lycopene. Antisense of pTOM5 in plants produce yellow fruit during ripening. Overexpressing pTOM5 will produce lycopene ectopically, but plants have shorter height.

# data[].attributes.body
Florigene are genetically manipulated and introduced
the gene encoding the enzyme F 3′ 5′ H (from Petunia hybrida) into the
carnations.

# data[].attributes.body
Most of the flowers (roses, carnations, chrysanthemums) lack blue colour – absence of the key enzyme flavonoids 3′, 5′ hydroxylase (F 3′ 5′ H) – lack of anthocyanin delphinidin.

Companies such as Florigene – genetically manipulated and introduced the gene encoding the enzyme F 3′ 5′ H (from Petunia hybrida) into the following plants.

# data[].attributes.body
The colour modification in tomato can be done via pTOM5 antisense approach. pTOM5 encodes phytoene synthase, a key enzymes in the biosynthesis of red pigments, lycopene, causing plants produce yellow fruit during ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
Antisense gene of ACC oxidase:

Transgenic plants with antisense gene of ACC oxidase have been developed. In these plants, production of ethylene was reduced by about 97% with a significant delay in fruit ripening.

# data[].attributes.body
Phytoene synthase- psy

Carotene desaturase- crt1

Lycopene β-cyclase - lcy1

# data[].attributes.body
- Pelagonidin 3- glucoside
(brick red/ oorange)
- Cyanidin 3-glucoside (red)
- Delphinidin 3-glucoside
(blue to purple)

# data[].attributes.body
pTOM5 – encodes phytoene synthase – a key enzymes in the
biosynthesis of red pigments, lycopene.

Antisense of pTOM5 – plants produce yellow fruit during ripening.

Overexpressing pTOM5 – produce lycopene ectopically, but plants
have shorter height.

Ectopic phytoene synthase activity – reduce gibberellin synthesis.

Gibberellins – important in stem elongation.

# data[].attributes.body
Pelagonidin 3-glucoside - brick red/orange

Cyanidin 3-glucoside - red

Delphinidin 3-glucoside - blue to purple

# data[].attributes.body
Pelagonidin 3-glucoside —
brick red/orange.

Cyanidin 3-glucoside – red.

Delphinidin 3-glucoside —
blue to purple.

# data[].attributes.body
Most the flowers lack blue colour due to absence of the key enzyme flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase (F 3'5'H) which lack of anthocyani delphinidin.
Florigene genetically manipulated and introduced the gene encoding the enzyme F 3′ 5′ H (from Petunia hybrida) into the following plants, producing a first GM flower, a mauve (bluish) coloured carnation with a trade name Moondust™.

# data[].attributes.body
Florigene conducted genetically manipulated and introduced the gene encoding the enzyme flavonoids 3′, 5′- hydroxylase (F 3′ 5′ H) from Petunia hybrida into the following plants, producing the world's first GM flower, a mauve (bluish) coloured carnation with a trade name Moondust™.

# data[].attributes.body
Pelagonidin 3- glucoside (brick red/ orange)

Cyanidin 3-glucoside (red)

Delphinidin 3-glucoside
(blue to purple)

# data[].attributes.body
Flowers such as roses, carnations, chrysanthemums lack blue colour due to the absence of the key enzyme flavonoids 3′, 5′- hydroxylase (F 3′ 5′ H) causing lack of anthocyanin delphinidin. Thus, Florigene genetically manipulated and introduced the gene encoding the enzyme F 3′ 5′ H (from Petunia hybrida) into the following plants, producing a first GM flower, a mauve (bluish) coloured carnation with a trade name Moondust™.

# data[].attributes.body
psy - Phyloene synthase

crt1 - Carotene desaturase

lcy1 - Lycopene β-cyclase

# data[].attributes.body
- Phytoene synthase (psy)
- Carotene desaturase (crt1)
- Lycopene beta-cyclase

# data[].attributes.body
Phytoene synthase

Carotene desaturase

Lycopene β-cyclase

# data[].attributes.body
psy - Phyloene synthase

crt1 - Carotene desaturase

lcy1 - Lycopene β-cyclase

# data[].attributes.body
First vector: Daffodil psy gene-rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p), along with bacterial carotene desaturase gene (crt1)-35S promoter.

Second vector: Lycopene β-cyclase gene from daffodil under control rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p) along with a hygromycin-resistant selectable marker gene (aphIV).

# data[].attributes.body
First vector- Daffodil psy-gene rice glutelin promotoer (Gt1p) along with bacterial carotene desaturase gene (crt1)- 35S promoter.

Second vector- lycopene β-cyclase gene from daffodil under control rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p) along with hygromycin-resistant selectable marker gene (aphIV).

# data[].attributes.body
First vector - Daffodil psy gene-rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p), along with bacterial carotene desaturase gene (crt1)-35S promoter.

Second vector – lycopene β-cyclase gene from daffodil under control rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p) along with a hygromycin-resistant selectable marker gene (aphIV).

# data[].attributes.body
First vector - Daffodil psy gene-rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p), along with bacterial carotene desaturase gene (crt1)-35S promoter.

Second vector - Lycopene β-cyclase gene from daffodil under control rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p) along with a hygromycin-resistant selectable marker gene (aphIV).

# data[].attributes.body
Golden rice 1 has a more subtle yellow color compared to rice 2
In Golden rice 1, the psy genes from daffodil seemed to be more limiting, compared to when the psy genes were taken from maize for golden rice 2 which proved to be more effective.
Golden rice 2 has a deeper yellow color, due to the transformation of rice using a gene construct containing maize phytoene synthase (ZmPSY), resulting in a 23-fold increase in carotenoid compared with the original Golden Rice.

# data[].attributes.body
- First vector is Daffodil psy gene-rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p), along with bacterial carotene desaturase gene (crt1)- 35s promoter.
- Second vector is Lycopene beta-cyclase gene from daffodil under control rice glutelin promoter along with a hygromycin-resistant selectable marker gene (aphIV).

# data[].attributes.body
Golden Rice 1

Has lessen golden colour than Golden Rice 2

Only produce 1.6μg of carotenoids per gram of dry

psy gene, isolated from daffodils.

Golden Rice 2

Have more golden colour than Golden Rice 1

35μg of carotenoids per gram of dry

ZmPSY - combined the psy from maize with crt1 from Golden Rice 1, isolated from bacteria

# data[].attributes.body
Golden rice 1 has less golden colour  than Golden rice 2 due to GR2 produces 35 μg of carotinoids per gram while GR1 produces 1.6 μg of carotinoids per gram .

GR2- contains maize phytoene synthase (ZmPSY) combined the psy from maizewith crt1.

GR1- the psy genes from daffodil phytoene synthase was rate-limiting.

psy gene from maize was much more effective.

# data[].attributes.body
Golden rice 1:
- It only produce 1.6 ug of carotenoids per gram of dry.
- It has lessen golden colour than golden rice 1
- psy genes from daffodils is more limiting
Golden rice 2:
- produce 35ug of carotinoids per gram of dry.
- It has more golden colour than golden rice 2
- Zmpsy- combined the psy from maize with crt1 from golden rice 1, isolated from the bacteria.

# data[].attributes.body
Most of the flowers (roses, carnations, chrysanthemums) lack blue colour :
– absence of the key enzyme flavonoids 3′, 5′- hydroxylase (F 3′ 5′ H)
–lack of anthocyanin delphinidin.

Companies such as Florigene – genetically manipulated and introduced the gene encoding the enzyme F 3′ 5′ H (from Petunia hybrida) into the following plants.

# data[].attributes.body
Phyloene synthase
Carotene desaturase
Lycopene beta-cyclase

# data[].attributes.body
First vector: Daffodil psy gene-rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p), along with bacterial carotene desaturase gene (crt1)-35S promoter.

Second vector: Lycopene beta-cyclase gene from daffodil under control rice glutelin promoter (Gt1p) along with a hygromycin - resistant selectable marker gene (aphlV).

# data[].attributes.body
Golden rice 1

Only produce 1.6μg of carotenoids per gram of dry.

Has a more subtle yellow color

psy genes from daffodils is more limiting.

Golden rice 2

Produce 35μg of carotenoids per gram of dry.

Has a deeper yellow colour

transformation of rice using a gene construct containing maize phytoene synthase (ZmPSY)

# data[].attributes.body
Golden rice 1 has a lighter yellow colour compared to golden rice 2. Golden Rice 1 contains about 1.6 g of total carotenoids per gram of dry weight of grain while golden rice 2 contains as much as 37 g total carotenoids per gram of dry weight of grain, of which 31 g/g is ‐carotene.