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Mansa Musa is the richest person in recorded world history, and was the king of a Western African state called Mali. In 1324, he made the important Muslim pilgrimmage to Mecca called the hajj with much grandeur and luxury that made it so no states on the way would forget him or Mali. There’s a theory that he spent so much in Egypt that he caused mass inflation.

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In the mid-14th century, the bubonic plague swept through Eurasia, known as the deadliest pandemic in world history, killing up to 75-200 million people. This was the time of the Mongol Empire, the largest continuous Eurasian empire, which facilitated the spread of the virus.

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Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire and the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, but was taken over by the Ottomans in 1453 and renamed Istanbul. The Ottomans inherited a Christian population, but shifted the city to Islam–for example, the Hagia Sophia, a grand church in Constantinople, was transformed into an important mosque.

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15th - 16th centuries, 1492 (Interaction) Columbian Exchange

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15th - 16th centuries, 1492 (Interaction) Columbian Exchange

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After Columbus’s arrival in the Americas, the following exchange of crops like maize, sugar, and potatoes as well as diseases like malaria, measles, and smallpox was coined the Columbian Exchange. The arrival of American crops in Eurasia caused a population boom, in contrast to the arrival of Eurasian diseases in America which caused mass deaths of natives known as the Great Dying.

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15th century (1492) (Social) Atlantic Slave Trade

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15th century (1492) (Social) Atlantic Slave Trade

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After Columbus found the Americas in 1492 and unleashed European colonization on the Western Hemisphere, the Atlantic Slave Trade sprung from that, transporting slaves from Africa to the Americas to work mostly in sugar plantations. This created a whole new social order for most of the world, making African slaves the bottom of the social pyramid and having future implications on xenophobia towards blacks.

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August 23, 1514 (Political) Battle of Chaldiran

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August 23, 1514 (Political) Battle of Chaldiran

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The Battle of Chaldiran was a battle between the Ottomans and the Safavids, which held opposing views on Islam–the Ottomans ruling with Sunni Islam and the Safavids with Shi’a Islam. The Ottomans fought with advanced weapon technology (muskets and cannons) while the Safavids fought with traditional weaponry (swords and knives), in which the Safavids quick defeat showed the vast inferiority of their technology and caused them to develop better weapons.

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The Protestant Reformation began with Martin Luther and his Ninety-Five Theses, which were criticisms of the luxury and indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church. From then on the Catholic Church split, with the Protestants challenging authority, opposing social order, and a belief that salvation would come through faith and faith only.

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The Industrial Revolution marked a large shift not just in industry, but in social order. The Industrial Revolution represented a large social transformation, creating large, overworked laboring classes and benefitting a surprisingly large middle class that valued hard work and frugality.

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May 5, 1789 - November 9, 1799 (Political) French Revolution

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May 5, 1789 - November 9, 1799 (Political) French Revolution

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After the Enlightenment ideals were expressed in the American Revolution, France was almost broke from aiding in the war and returning French soldiers wanted the same freedoms in France. This led to the French Revolution where the Third Estate (the lower class, peasants) drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen at the National Assembly and called for complete social upheaval.

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Massively multiplayer online role-playing game

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During the time of European imperialism, the USA felt Europe encroaching on their territory and issued the Monroe Doctrine essentially as a warning to leave the Western Hemisphere alone. Some see this as a noble way of protecting South America to become victim to European colonialism, some believe that America had invested so much in infrastructure of South America as trading partners, and didn’t want to lose that to European states.

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In the mid-19th century, China had become a silver vacuum and had taken much of Spain’s silver supply since that was the only good that China was interested in. In order to restore balance, Spain pushed opium (an addictive drug) to cover the trade imbalance. In response, China tried to suppress the drug but Spain saw it as a declaration of war and the superiority of the Spanish navy eventually won out.

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1845 (Interaction) Irish Potato Famine Migration

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1845 (Interaction) Irish Potato Famine Migration

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Potatoes were first brought to Ireland in the Columbian Exchange, and became a crop staple as they were rich in carbohydrates. In 1845, a fungus-like organism spread in Ireland and killed a majority of the potato crop which caused famine and starved more than 1,000 Irish and caused mass migration to America.

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After the Industrial Revolution, capitalism, or free-market trade, was the main economic policy in industrialized countries but was opposed by Karl Marx, who analyzed the effects of the Industrial Revolution and concluded that capitalism would end with social upheaval and end in equality of social classes (rich = poor). He wrote the Communist Manifesto in 1848 where he shared his economic policy of socialism and described the ending state of overhauling capitalism as communism.

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July 19-20, 1848 (Social) Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls

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July 19-20, 1848 (Social) Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls

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The expression of Enlightenment ideals in the Atlantic Revolutions led to other parties besides white men to chase these ideals, like the feminism movement. The Seneca Falls Convention was the first organized event of the movement, hosted by iconic feminists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.

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November 15, 1884 - February 26, 1885 (Political) Berlin Conference

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November 15, 1884 - February 26, 1885 (Political) Berlin Conference

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Tensions were growing between European states competing in colonizing African regions, so Otto von Bismarck (German chancellor) called for the Berlin Conference in which they divided up Africa. No Africans were present at this meeting, and Africa was split into many European colonies without regard for existing ethnic groups and purely for the economic gain of Europe.