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"Uncovering the link between emotional stress and heart disease" - Article

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Watch video and complete video section of the handout!

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Video: Heart and circulatory system — How they work

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Watch this video to see how a healthy heart works.

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Find your copy in Google Classroom

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What direction does blood flow? Why do you think that?

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In this interactive, you can label parts of the human heart. Drag and drop the text labels onto the boxes next to the diagram. Selecting or hovering over a box will highlight each area in the diagram.

In this interactive, you can label parts of the human heart. Drag and drop the text labels onto the boxes next to the heart diagram. If you want to redo an answer, click on the box and the answer will go back to the top so you can move it to another box. If you want to check your answers, use the Reset Incorrect button. This will reset incorrect answers only. When you are happy with your selection, use the Check answers button to check them. Use Reset All to practise again from the start. Selecting or hovering over a box will highlight each area in the diagram.

For optimal viewing of this interactive, view at your screen's default zoom setting (100%) and with your browser window view maximised.

See the Labelling the heart activity for additional support in using this interactive.

Parts of the heart

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In this interactive, you can label parts of the human heart. Drag and drop the text labels onto the boxes next to the diagram. Selecting or hovering over a box will highlight each area in the diagram.

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Anatomy of the Heart
(Whole Class!)

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Read and annotate 1 of the articles. Write down on your handout...
- 1 question you have
- something you found particularly interesting

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Understanding Your Numbers

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Find your copy in Google Classroom

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If you don't have access to a blood pressure monitor at home, use the this video to calculate blood pressure on your handout!

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Practice More Blood Pressures: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4FE29DBDF68B046D https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MMtXcCjFG-c Who can get the correct blood pressure? Give us some feedback. Other than I need blood pressure medication. Scroll down to see the blood pressure reading............... Yes I know it is high:) Did you get 144/104?

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Understand various parts of your physical exam:
- Blood Pressure
- BMI
- Fasting Glucose
- Total Cholesterol
- LDL
- HDL

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"My goal is first, to alert women and men to the fact that they definitely are at risk for heart disease, and ..it is critical that women keep an eye on their numbers!" Dr. Stephanie Coulter

Risk assessments are used to determine your likelihood of developing disease in the future. Learn more below about the most critical numbers that impact your personal health and help your doctor assess your risk for both heart disease and stroke.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Normal: 18.5-24.9

height (in) x height (in)

Body Mass Index (BMI), which is a number calculated from your height and weight, is used to estimate body fat. The accuracy of the BMI in determining your body fat is influenced by factors such as your fitness level, muscle mass, bone structure, sex, and ethnic origin. This means that some individuals may have a high BMI but not have a high percentage of body fat. However, BMI provides a reliable indicator of body fat for most people. Therefore, it is used to screen for weight problems that may lead to health concerns.

Body Composition

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Underweight

Less than 18.5

Normal

18.5 - 24.9

Overweight

25.0 - 29.9

Obese

Greater than 30.0

According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), being overweight is defined as having a BMI over 25. Those with a number over 30 are considered obese. You can find out your BMI by using the calculator below. Then, take that value and find your body composition in the table above.

Blood Pressure (BP)

Normal: <120 and < 80 mmHg

When your heart beats, it pumps blood through blood vessels called arteries and creates pressure in them. The higher number (systolic) represents the pressure while your heart is beating. The lower number (diastolic) represents the pressure when your heart is resting between beats. Your blood pressure can change from minute to minute when you change your position or during physical activities, or when you are stressed or sleeping. High blood pressure can damage the walls of your arteries. If your first reading is high, your doctor may take several more readings before deciding whether your blood pressure may be a health concern.

Waist & Hip Circumference

Normal Waist: Men: <40in Women: <35in

A waist circumference measures belly fat. Too much belly fat is associated with a greater health risk than fat located in the hips, thighs, or buttocks. Too much belly fat is an "independent risk factor" for high cholesterol and heart disease, regardless of your Body Mass Index or BMI score, which could be normal. A large waist circumference is also associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and hypertension. See how to measure your waistline.

Waist Hip Ratio

Waist Hip Ratio is used as an indicator or measure of health, and aids in the assessment of risk for developing serious health conditions.

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Risk assessments are used to determine your likelihood of developing disease in the future. Learn more below about the most critical numbers that impact your personal health and help your doctor assess your risk for both heart disease and stroke. Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculate Your BMI!

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EKG like a BOSS Part 1 - How to Read EKGs (ECG interpretation for nurses)

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Add to your handout!

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Cholesterol: Know Your Levels Video - Brigham and Women's Hospital

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Heart Rate and Activity Level

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Questions for After Trials. Can be completed in small groups. Make a copy & share with your teacher.

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Station #3B - Heart Rate Trials Questions

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Find your copy in Google Classroom. You'll need a stopwatch or timer.

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Station #3A - Heart Rate and Activity - Pulse Record Handout

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Try it out! Record your numbers on the handout.
- Did you notice any difference between the numbers?
- If so, why do you think that they might be different?

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- In small groups (2-4), decide who are the timekeepers and who is doing the activity, then switch.
- Participate in each activity for 3 minutes.
- Record your heart rate on the chart on your handout.
- Rest for at LEAST 1 minute between activities.
NOTE: if you don't have access to a jump rope or hula hoop, replace with running or push-ups!

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- Calculate your group's average heart rate for each activity, and record them in your handout.
- Report the group average to your teacher.

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- What are the best places on your body to measure your pulse?

- Do boys and girls have different resting pulse rates?

- Practice taking pulse during 6 second intervals (stopwatch or clock)

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- What is the maximum heart rate for 12 year olds?

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Heart Issues: Understanding CV Disease

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Take out family tree (if completed for homework) or view example below. Were there any particular heart health issues in your family? Share in small groups, as comfortable.

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Find your copy in Google Classroom.

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Station #4 - Understanding CV Issues - Handout

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Students at this station split into Groups A, B, and C

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Students at this station split into Groups A, B, and C

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Read your article, and fill out handout:
- One question that I have...
- Something really interesting I read...

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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken-heart syndrome) - Article

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Create Questions for the Cardiologist, based on information at the station.

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Share summaries with whole group, in your own words.

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(Station #5)

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(Time permitted)

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Don’t smoke or use tobacco

30-60 minutes of activity daily

Eat a heart healthy diet

Maintain a healthy weight

Get a good quality sleep

Manage stress

Get regular health screenings - Blood pressure, cholesterol, type 2 diabetes screening

... other big takeaways?

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You will create your own! You'll need a piece of paper, pencils, pens, and colored pencils.

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Find as many definitions as possible for the word "heart." Write them down. Then read about the evolution of this word!

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Read the questions.

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1. Draw a heart outline.

2. Create sections in your heart.
3. Start from the center placing the most important person, place or thing in the center of your heart.

4. Work your way out from the center using specific words in each section.
(Option to share - ask your teacher!)

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Social networks and heart health

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Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for
coronary heart disease and stroke

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Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies

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Background The influence of social relationships on morbidity is widely accepted, but the size of the risk to cardiovascular health is unclear. Objective We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between loneliness or social isolation and incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Methods Sixteen electronic databases were systematically searched for longitudinal studies set in high-income countries and published up until May 2015. Two independent reviewers screened studies for inclusion and extracted data. We assessed quality using a component approach and pooled data for analysis using random effects models. Results Of the 35 925 records retrieved, 23 papers met inclusion criteria for the narrative review. They reported data from 16 longitudinal datasets, for a total of 4628 CHD and 3002 stroke events recorded over follow-up periods ranging from 3 to 21 years. Reports of 11 CHD studies and 8 stroke studies provided data suitable for meta-analysis. Poor social relationships were associated with a 29% increase in risk of incident CHD (pooled relative risk: 1.29, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.59) and a 32% increase in risk of stroke (pooled relative risk: 1.32, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.68). Subgroup analyses did not identify any differences by gender. Conclusions Our findings suggest that deficiencies in social relationships are associated with an increased risk of developing CHD and stroke. Future studies are needed to investigate whether interventions targeting loneliness and social isolation can help to prevent two of the leading causes of death and disability in high-income countries. Study registration number CRD42014010225.

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Option F: Are female college athletes at risk for high blood pressure?

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Option F: Are female college athletes at risk for high blood pressure?

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Contact: Katie Glenn, kglenn@acc.org, 202-375-6472

WASHINGTON (Mar 18, 2020) -

While many college athletes may seem like they are in peak physical condition, they can still face significant cardiovascular risks. Nearly half of a cohort of female athletes at two U.S. universities were found to have higher than normal blood pressure levels, according to research presented at the American College of Cardiology's Annual Scientific Session Together with World Congress of Cardiology (ACC.20/WCC).

"There have been very few studies describing the female athlete's heart and risk factors that might lead to cardiac morbidity and mortality in this group," said Cecil Rambarat, MD, cardiology fellow at the University of Florida and the study's lead author. "This work gives us a baseline through which we can study the female collegiate athlete's heart in comparison to the male athlete's heart."

The study drew data from 329 female athletes participating in collegiate sports at the University of Florida or University of Georgia. Each participant's blood pressure was measured as part of a pre-participation medical examination. Researchers classified participants' blood pressure according to the 2017 ACC/AHA High Blood Pressure in Adults guideline, defining normal blood pressure as less than 120 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic; elevated blood pressure as 120-129 mm Hg systolic and less than 80 mm Hg diastolic; hypertension stage 1 as 130-139 mm Hg systolic or 80-89 mm Hg diastolic; and hypertension stage 2 as 140 or more mm Hg systolic or 90 or more mm Hg diastolic.

Analysis revealed that 47% of the athletes had blood pressure exceeding normal levels, a proportion far higher than the 5-10% that would be expected in a general population of college-age women, Rambarat said. Of these women with abnormal blood pressure values, 61% had values classified as elevated blood pressure, 38% had values in the stage 1 hypertension category and 1% had values in the stage 2 hypertension category.

"That's really a remarkable proportion given that these are young, supposedly healthy women," Rambarat said. "It's something that requires further study. If these female athletes are developing high blood pressure at a younger age-maybe associated with their training, maybe associated with other lifestyle measures-we may need to start thinking about better ways of modifying any identifiable risk factors, or potentially [consider] starting [some] patients on medication for high blood pressure at a younger age."

The researchers also found significant differences in blood pressure levels among athletes involved in different sports and between sports with varying degrees of dynamic components (time spent actively moving) and static components (bursts of intense exertion against a static object or force). For example, women who played softball-a sport with a low static component and moderate dynamic component-were found to have a high prevalence of elevated blood pressure, while those involved in gymnastics-which has a high static component and low dynamic component-had normal blood pressure.

Researchers said the study is especially important because female athletes have not traditionally been studied as closely as their male counterparts. Decades of research on male athletes has revealed that many have a larger than normal heart and lower than normal resting heart rate, among other differences, in a pattern commonly referred to as "athlete's heart." Rambarat said the new study suggests female athletes may also have unique cardiovascular characteristics that warrant further study. For example, future studies could incorporate images of the heart, such as echocardiograms, with other measures to understand whether female athletes show an overall pattern of changes similar to what has been found in males.

The study was limited by its relatively small sample size and the fact that blood pressure measurements were taken only at a single point in time. According to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, blood pressure measurements should be taken on at least two occasions to confirm a diagnosis of high blood pressure. Over time, high blood pressure causes damage to arteries and restricts blood flow, which can weaken the heart muscle or lead to events such as a heart attack or stroke.

ACC.20/WCC will take place March 28-30,bringing together cardiologists and cardiovascular specialists from around the world to share the newest discoveries in treatment and prevention. Follow @ACCinTouch, @ACCMediaCenter and #ACC20/#WCCardio for the latest news from the meeting.

The American College of Cardiology envisions a world where innovation and knowledge optimize cardiovascular care and outcomes. As the professional home for the entire cardiovascular care team, the mission of the College and its 54,000 members is to transform cardiovascular care and to improve heart health. The ACC bestows credentials upon cardiovascular professionals who meet stringent qualifications and leads in the formation of health policy, standards and guidelines. The College also provides professional medical education, disseminates cardiovascular research through its world-renowned JACC Journals, operates national registries to measure and improve care and offers cardiovascular accreditation to hospitals and institutions. For more, visit acc.org.
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High Blood Pressure Surprisingly Common in Female College Athletes - American College of Cardiology

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Contact: Katie Glenn, kglenn@acc.org, 202-375-6472 WASHINGTON (Mar 18, 2020) - While many college athletes may seem like they are in peak physical condition, they can still face significant cardiovascular risks. Nearly half of a cohort of female athletes at two U.S.

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Option E: Are there difference between athlete and non-athlete's hearts?

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Option E: Are there difference between athlete and non-athlete's hearts?

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Athlete's heart (AHS) is an increase in cardiac mass due to systematic training. In some cases, the stress on the heart can lead to sudden death. Learn more...