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1. I would like to learn more about the Seven Sacred Teachings that Myles mentioned.

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"Aboriginal Peoples" before the Europeans arrived

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"Aboriginal Peoples" before the Europeans arrived

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Aboriginal Peoples In Upper Canada
Before the Early Settlers Arrived

The pioneers and Aboriginal peoples had different ideas about how the land should be used. The pioneers believed they had the right to own land and change it by clearing the forest for their settlements and building villages. The Aboriginal peoples believed that the land was for everyone to use and share.

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Aboriginal Peoples In Upper Canada Before the Early Settlers Arrived The pioneers and Aboriginal peoples had different ideas about how the land should be used. The pioneers believed they had the right to own land and change it by clearing the forest for their settlements and building villages.

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Or if you're feeling adventurous, you can try Earth anyway by choosing an option below.

Learn more about Google Earth.

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Aw snap! Google Earth isn't supported on your browser. You may need to update your browser or use a different browser. Please see our system requirements for more information. Chrome is a great choice and you can download it here. Or if you're feeling adventurous, you can try Earth anyway by choosing an option below.

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The word Indigenous - explained l CBC Kids News

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1. What is a "regalia"?
2....
3....

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1. What dream-catchers are and what they are used for
2. ...

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1. dream-catcher
2. Ojibwe
3. regalia
4. ...

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1. Myles is a 10 year old Ojibwe boy from Manitoba.
2. ...
3. ...
4. ...
5. ...

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Regalia (say "re-GAY-lia") is what an Indigenous dancer wears during traditional dances - like at a powwow. Regalia is colourful and is different depending on the type of dance. For example, a dancer who does jingle dance, wears regalia featuring many metal cones that knock together to make a beautiful sound while a grass dancer will wear leggings and headbands.

Does the regalia have a special meaning?

Regalia is unique to each dancer, their culture and even their family. There are different kinds of regalia and many parts to each outfit. Some dancers wear feathered or porcupine hair roaches (which are sometimes called headdresses) and breastplates made out of bone.

Some carry shields and rattles. Some regalia has bells that make noise when they dance. It depends on the dance. A dress with jingles is for jingle dance. Traditional dancers wear hunting and warrior-inspired regalia.

Is regalia the same as a costume?

Regalia is definitely not a costume. A costume is something you wear when you dress up and pretend to be someone or something else - like for Halloween. But regalia represents not only the dancer's personality, but their history, family and culture as well.

Is regalia made out of special materials?

The base of the regalia is cotton or buckskin (a type of soft leather usually from deer) and is adorned - or decorated - with things like beads, ribbons, metals, feathers and porcupine quills.

Who makes a dancer's regalia?

Many dancers make their own regalia or have it made by someone close to them, like a family member. Sometimes the dancer can purchase regalia from an artist who creates them. The tradition of making regalia is passed down through generations and it can take many years for a dancer to collect and make pieces for their regalia.

What is the most common part of a dancer's regalia?

It really depends on the dancer and what type of dance they're doing. But you may have seen a woman dancing with a beautiful shawl. That is part of the fancy shawl dance. The shawl represents butterfly wings.

Men doing traditional fancy dance will wear two big bustles - one on the shoulders and one on the lower back. Often the fancy dancer will wear a feather roach in their hair as well. And, of course, dancers wear moccasins, although you might not notice them with all the beautifully coloured regalia to look at.

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Regalia (say "re-GAY- lia ") is what an Indigenous dancer wears during traditional dances - like at a powwow. Regalia is colourful and is different depending on the type of dance. For example, a dancer who does jingle dance, wears regalia featuring many metal cones that knock together to make a beautiful sound while a grass dancer will wear leggings and headbands.

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Myles is a 10-year-old Ojibwe boy from Brandon, Manitoba. He demonstrates how to make a dream catcher with his sisters and, while at school, how to build a traditional drum from hide and wood. In his bedroom, Myles shows us his grass-dancing regalia and some artwork that shows ,The Seven Teachings,: love, honesty, respect, humility, truth, wisdom, and courage.

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Bebe and Mo are invited to visit a First Nations powwow.

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Each of the items shown below were invented or first discovered by First Nations and Inuit. Under each image there is more information about these amazing discoveries and contributions!

Lacrosse is a team sport invented by First Nations. Many believe it is the fore-runner to hockey.

You may also be interested in:

Thank you for your feedback

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Each of the items shown were invented or first discovered by First Nations and Inuit. Scroll over each image for more information about these amazing discoveries and contributions!

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Explore | Awesome Activities & Fun Facts | CBC Kids

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Play free kids games, watch videos, and explore activities, quirky quizzes and fun facts. Watch Artzooka, Big Block Sing Song and more.

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Geographic Distribution

Indigenous languages across Canada.
(courtesy Native Land Digital / Native-Land.ca)

The distribution of language families, or languages with a common ancestor, is quite varied across Canada. Languages from two families, Algonquian and Iroquoian, are traditionally found east of Lake Winnipeg. On the Prairies, there are speakers of Algonquian, Siouan, and Dene (Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan and Tlingit) languages, while speakers of Dene, Inuit and Algonquian languages inhabit the Subarctic. The province of British Columbia is linguistically highly diverse, with languages of the Salishan, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Dene (Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan and Tlingit) and Algonquian families spoken there as well as the isolates Haida/Xaad Kil and Kutenai/Ktunaxa. Related languages are found in other regions.

Algonquian, Iroquoian, Dene, Siouan and Salishan languages are also spoken in the United States; and languages that are closely related to Inuit are spoken in the United States, as well as in Siberia and Greenland. The Dene languages are thought to be related to the Yeniseian languages of Siberia.

The concentration of language families in the Pacific Northwest suggests that the West is a linguistically old area and the most likely staging area for successive migrations of speakers to the south and east, a view supported by archaeological and ethnological findings. By contrast, central and eastern Canada are dominated by the Algonquian family and particularly by two languages, Cree and Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe. This situation suggests more recent language spreads relative to the West.

Language Families and Linguistic Areas

Linguists classify languages into language families, or groups of languages that have a common ancestor, representing genealogical groups. These classifications are based on shared vocabulary, sound correspondences, word structure and other features of the languages. Families are sometimes classified into larger groupings called "stocks." Researchers John Wesley Powell and Edward Sapir did early classifications. Sapir was influential in grouping language families together into stocks.

Indigenous languages in Canada are generally grouped into 12 families. The families given below have been well recognized by linguists for some time. Contemporary linguists increasingly use Indigenous names for languages, and have made increasingly fine divisions into different languages.

The languages listed here are based on the classification in Ethnologue and a variety of other sources. It is important to note that sources do not agree on what is considered a language and what is a dialect, nor on names or spellings. In many places, Indigenous language names are replacing English language names. Alternative names and spellings are shown with slashes between the names; dialects are in parentheses.
Algonquian
There are many Algonquian languages in the United States as well as in Canada, with Algonquian-language communities found across both countries. Some of these languages in Canada include:

Blackfoot (two dialects: Pikanii, Siksika)

Cree (dialects: Plains Cree/Nehiyawewin/ ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ, Woods Cree/Nthithawīwin, Moose Cree, Swampy Cree, Northern East Cree, Southern East Cree) and closely related Montagnais (dialects Western Montagnais: Piyekwâkamî, Betsiamites;

Eastern Montagnais: Innu-Aimûn) Naskapi, Atikamekw/Nēhinawēwin/Nehirâmowin);

Delaware (dialect: Munsee)

Mi'kmaq, Maliseet-Passamaquoddy

Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe (dialects: Algonquin, Central, Eastern, Nipissing Algonquin, Northwestern, Odawa, Oji-Cree/Severn Ojibwe, Saulteaux, Western Saulteaux), Potawatomi/Neshnabémowen, Western Abenaki

Michif is a creole, based on Cree and French.

DID YOU KNOW?
In April 2019, a video of Cape Breton Mi'kmaq teenager Emma Stevens singing "Blackbird" in Mi'kmaq went viral. The cover of The Beatles' classic was produced by Emma's teacher Carter Chiasson, translated by teacher Katani Julian and her father Albert "Golydada" Julian, and recorded by Emma and fellow students at Allison Bernard Memorial High School in Eskasoni First Nation, Cape Breton. They translated the song into Mi'kmaq to bring awareness to the consequences of the endangerment of Indigenous languages during the UN's International Year of Indigenous Languages, 2019. The video took off around the world, receiving high praise from public figures, including the original songwriter, Sir Paul McCartney, as well as a tweet from the Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau.

Dene (Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan + Tlingit)
Dene languages include those classified as Tlingit and Athapaskan/Athabaskan/Athabascan (often now called Dene). In addition to Tlingit, the Dene languages spoken in Canada and the United States:

Dane-Zaa/Beaver

Dakelh/Carrier/ᑕᗸᒡ

Tsilhqot'in/Chilcotin

Witsuwit'en/Babine-Witsuwit'en

Dene Su̜ɬiné/Chipewyan

South Slavey/Dene Zhatié/Dene Dhah

Tɬi̜cho̜ Yatìi/Dogrib

Gwich'in

Hän/Han (Dawson dialect)

Tsuut'ina/Sarcee/Sarsi

Tsek'ene/Tse'khene/Sekani

Dene/North Slavey (dialects Bearlake/Déli̜ne, Hare/K'ásho, Mountain/Shúhta/Shíhta)

Tahltan/Tāɬtān

Kaska/Danezāgé'

Tagish

Northern Tutchone

Southern Tutchone

Upper Tanana

Eskimo-Aleut/Eskaleut
Languages of this family are spoken in Canada, the United States, Greenland and Siberia. Some of these languages in Canada include:

Western Canadian Inuktun (dialects Siglitun, Inuinnaqtun, Natsilingmiutut)

Eastern Canadian Inuktitut (dialects Kivalliq, Aivilik, North Baffin, South Baffin, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut) (see Inuktitut)

Xaad Kil/Xaaydaa Kil/Haida (isolate)

Haida is spoken in Alaska as well as in British Columbia. Dialects in Canada include Skidegate and Masset.
Iroquoian
Languages of the Iroquoian family are spoken in both Canada and the United States. The Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca and Tuscarora group form the Six Nations.

Languages include Cayuga (two dialects), Mohawk (several dialects), Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca, Tuscarora and Wendat.
Ktunaxa/Kutenai/Kootenai (isolate)
Ktunaxa is spoken in Canada, with some speakers in the United States as well.
Salishan
Salishan languages are found in Canada and the United States. Some of these include:

Nuxalk/Bella Coola

Éy7á7juuthem/ʔayʔjuθəm-Saɬuɬtxw(dialects Comox, Sliammon, Homalco, Klahoose),

Halkomelem (Halq'eméylem, Hul'q'umi'num', Halq'eméylem),

Lushootseed,

SENĆOTEN/Saanich/Northern Straits Salish,

St'át'imcets/Lillooet,

Okanagan-Colville (several dialects),

Shashishalhem/Sechelt,

Secwepemctsin/Shuswap,

Squamish/Sqwxwumish/Skwxwu7mesh

Straits (several dialects)

Nɬeʔkepmxcín/Thompson

Siouan

Siouan languages are spoken in the United States as well as in Canada, including Nakoda/Stoney, Assiniboine/Nakota, Lakota (Teton) and Dakota/Sioux (Yankton, Santee).
Tsimshianic
Tsimshianic languages are found primarily in British Columbia, with some speakers in Alaska. These include Sm'algyax./Coast Tsimshian, Ski:xs/Sgüüx.s/Southern Tsimshian, Gitsenimx./Gitxsan/Gitksan and Nisga'a/Nishga/Nass.
Wakashan
Wakashan languages are found in Canada, with some speakers in the United States. These include:

Xenaksialak'ala/Haisla

Hailhzaqvla/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala (dialects Heiltsuk/Bella Bella, Oowekyala)

Kwak'wala

Nuu-chah-nulth/Nootka

Diitiidʔaatx/Ditidaht/Nitinat/Nitinaht

There are also speakers of creole languages, or languages that arise as a result of contact between speakers of unrelated languages. Chinuk Wawa/ Chinook Jargon originated as a trade language. It combines elements of Chinook, Nuu-chah-nulth, and Canadian French.

In addition to the genealogical groupings outlined above, languages can also bear similarities to each other due to contact between speakers of the languages. The Northwest Coast of North America has long been recognized as a linguistic area where the languages are similar in some ways, although they belong to different language families. In the Northwest Coast area of Canada, languages of the Wakashan and Salishan families, Tlingit, and Haida share many characteristics, together with languages of a number of languages of the United States (Chimakuan languages, Lower Chinook, Alsea, Siuslaw, Takelma, Kalapuya, Coos, some Pacific Coast Athabaskan) even though they are not genealogically related. For instance, languages of this area have large numbers of consonants and many of them have tones (a difference in meaning can be marked by differences in the pitch of a word; for example, in the Dene language Tɬi̜cho̜ Yatiì (Dogrib), jih means 'mitts' and jìh means 'fishhook' - the only difference between them is that in 'fishhook' the pitch is lower (marked with a grave accent) 'than it is in 'mitts'). Many exhibit reduplication (St'át'imcets/Lillooet: s-q wəm 'mountain', s-q wə́m-q wəm 'mountain range'; cíʔiʕ' w'to bleed', cíʔ-cʔiʕ' w 'to bleed all over').

Linguistic Diversity

Indigenous languages in Canada show great diversity in their structures. In terms of sounds, they range from a very small number to a large number of sounds. Cayuga (Iroquoian family) has a small number of distinct sounds, with 10 consonants and six vowels. Nishnaabemwin, a variety of Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe, has around 18 consonants, three short vowels and four long vowels. At the other extreme, Witsuwit'en, a Dene language, has 35 consonants and six vowels. Lilloet/St'át'imcets/Lil'wat (Salishan family) has 44 consonants and eight vowels; and Oowekyala (Wakashan family) has 45 consonants, four plain vowels, three glottalized vowels and three long vowels.

Words in many of the Indigenous languages are typically complex, often expressing in a word what is contained in a sentence in languages like English and French. Such languages are often called polysynthetic, with words composed of a string of meaningful parts. Examples from Inuktitut (South Baffin variety) and Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan family) illustrate this. The meaningful parts (morphemes) are separated by hyphens in the words shown here, with translations of those morphemes included.
Inuktitut (South Baffin variety)

taqa-ju-mmari-alu-u-junga

fatigue-participle-genuine-a lot-be-1 person singular participle

'I'm really tired'

Nuu-chah-nulth

ʔaapinis-ʔiic-mah.sa-ʔiiʃ-ʔaɬ

apple-consume-want to-3 person subject. indicative mood-plural

'They want to eat apples'

Many Indigenous languages mark distinctions that are not found in languages such as English and French. For instance, Passamaquoddy-Maliseet (Algonquian) and other Algonquian languages distinguish two types of first-person plural, one called inclusive and the other exclusive. The inclusive includes the speaker and the hearer (we - you and I - leave early tomorrow), while the exclusive does not include the hearer (we - my family and you are not part of my family - leave early tomorrow). Passamaquoddy-Maliseet uses the pronoun nilun for the inclusive and the pronoun kilun for the exclusive.

Algonquian languages also have two classes of nouns, called animate and inanimate. The Blackfoot examples show animate and inanimate nouns. The singular and plural suffixes that are used depend on whether the noun is animate or inanimate:

In Dakelh/Carrier (Dene family), the form of numerals differs depending on what is being counted. This is illustrated for the numbers two and three:

Many languages have what are called classificatory verbs, with different verb stems depending on the nature of the object under consideration. Dene languages are well known for these. The following items are what are called verb stems in Witsuwit'en (Dene family). These forms do not represent full words:

Many Indigenous languages have affixes that indicate control on the part of the agent. The following examples are from Halkomelem, a Salishan language, where the suffix -namət indicates that the action is reflexive and accidental, or not controlled.
Halkomelem

q'waqw-əθət 'club self'

club-reflexive

q'waqw-namət 'club self accidentally'

club-limited control reflexive

Some languages have words that indicate different degrees of proximity, as in Blackfoot (Algonquian):

Many languages have words that express the nature of the evidence on which a statement is based, known as evidentials. Gitksan, a Tsimshianic language, has a number of these:

direct evidence, observed by the speaker

indirect evidence (hearsay)

indirect evidence, based on knowledge of what generally happens

The variety and diversity of Indigenous languages in Canada help to contribute to the understanding of the ways in which languages are similar and how they can differ.

Dialects

Languages generally have many varieties, or dialects, and Indigenous languages in Canada are no exception. Many of these languages have several more or less mutually intelligible dialects, particularly when the language is distributed over a large area. For instance, Creeis considered to be a single language with eight or more variants spoken in dozens of communities and reserves from the Rockies well into Québec and Labrador; and Anishinaabemowin/Ojibwe, with a number of dialect variants, is found in many communities throughout central Canada.

While not all speakers understand all varieties of a language, the varieties are identified as a single language on the basis of linguistic characteristics. If speakers of a language use that language infrequently for communication with speakers of a related variety of the language, mutual intelligibility might diminish, with dialects then coming to be recognized as different languages rather than different varieties of a single language.

Some of the languages and dialects have very few first language speakers, and some have no known speakers. In many communities, people are working from written materials in and about the language to reclaim the language.

Indigenous Sign Languages

In addition to the spoken word, some Indigenous cultures historically have used sign languages to communicate. Though a small number of people know Indigenous Sign Languages, American Sign Language and Quebec Sign Language have largely replaced Indigenous sign languages in Canada ( see also Deaf Culture). Efforts are underway in a variety of Indigenous communities to revitalize these lost systems of communication.

Did You Know?
The Urban Society for Aboriginal Youth (USAY) has partnered with an augmented and virtual reality company called Mammoth to create Thunder VR, an immersive Blackfoot language preservation and culture learning tool. The virtual reality game, based on a Blackfoot graphic novel called Thunder, tells the ancient Blackfoot story of a man who loses his wife and must travel a great distance to challenge the spirit of Thunder (Ksistsikoom) to get her back.Thunder was developed by USAY youth and Kainai elder Randy Bottle (Saakokoto). The high-tech game, narrated by Saakokoto, is designed to teach the endangered Blackfoot language to a new generation of learners and is being advertised as a "mash-up" of tradition and technology. USAY and Mammoth, two Calgary-based organizations, have received funding from the Government of Canada and are planning to take Thunder VR, along with 27 Oculus Go headsets, to Calgary schools in fall 2019. Thunder VR is available as a free download on Oculus Go.

Language Revitalization

Many Indigenous languages in Canada are endangered because of a history of restrictive colonial policies such as the and residential schools that prohibited the speaking of these mother tongues. In 2016, Statistics Canada reported that for about 40 Indigenous languages in Canada, there are only about 500 speakers or less. Indigenous communities and various educational institutions have taken measures to prevent more language loss and to preserve Indigenous languages. ( See also Indigenous Language Revitalization in Canada.)

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Indigenous languages across Canada. (courtesy Native Land Digital / Native-Land.ca) The distribution of language families, or languages with a common ancestor, is quite varied across Canada. Languages from two families, Algonquian and Iroquoian, are traditionally found east of Lake Winnipeg.

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This short film presents a stunning display of a stop-motion animation as it vividly depicts the majesty of the hoop dance, a tradition symbolizing the unity of all ...

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Mapping

We strive to map Indigenous territories, treaties, and languages across the world in a way that goes beyond colonial ways of thinking in order to better represent how Indigenous people want to see themselves.

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Native Land is a resource to learn more about Indigenous territories, languages, lands, and ways of life. We welcome you to our site.

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1.  Myles is a boy from Manitoba.
2. Myles is 10 years old.
3. Myles is an Ojibwe.
4. Myles loves hockey.
5. myles belives in the 7 teachings.

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1. Myles believes in the seven teachings
2.a dream cacher is something that takes your bad drams away.
3. Myles goes to 5th grade
4.Myles has 2 sisters
5.he plays hokey
I.D

# data[].attributes.body
Myles is 10 years old
he lives in Manitoba
He likes hokey.
He belives in the 7 teachings
Myles has two sisters
[Z.A]

# data[].attributes.body
1. He believes in the 7 teachings.
2. He likes duck soup.
3. He has two smaller sisters.
4. He lives in Brandon, Manitoba.
5. He loves playing hockey.
[O.W.]

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1.They learn from elders.
2.They use animal hide for ther drums.
3.They pass on tradisions.
4.They eat ducks.
5.They make ther own dream catchers.

# data[].attributes.body
Myles likes hoky.
They make ther own dream catchers.
He lives in Brandon, Manitoba.
Myles is 10 years old.
Myles believes in the seven teachings

# data[].attributes.body
1.Ojibwe
2. 7 teachings
3. dream catchers
4. white buffaloes.

# data[].attributes.body
1.sacred
2.animal hide
3.dream catcher
4.elders

# data[].attributes.body
dream-catcher
7 teachings
taboccos
white buflos
[Z.A]

# data[].attributes.body
1.How strong is the drum?
2.How old are ther tradishins?
3.Why do they eat ducks?

# data[].attributes.body
1. Manitoba
2. Duck soup
3. Red
4. Grass dancing
[O.W.]

# data[].attributes.body
1.dreamcat

# data[].attributes.body
1. What culture is Ojibwe?
2. What does the song that Myles sang mean?
3. How much hockey do you know?

# data[].attributes.body
1 play drum.
Manitoba
2. Duck soup
3. Red

# data[].attributes.body
1.dream cacther
2.7 teaching
I.D

# data[].attributes.body
1. I knew what indigenous means.
2. I knew what heritage means.

# data[].attributes.body
1. how did Myles know how to make a dram catcher
2. how did Myles know how to make a drum.
I.D

# data[].attributes.body
1. Is it hard to learn how to cook?
2. Is making dreamcatchers fun?
3. Does he like his two sisters?
[O.W.]

# data[].attributes.body
What languages does Myles speak?
Can you play Mary Had a Little Lamp on the drum?
[Z.A]

# data[].attributes.body
1. What the 7 teachings meant.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I knew that dream cachters exist
2.I knew what indegenous means
I.D

# data[].attributes.body
the word (indigenous)
[ZA]

# data[].attributes.body
1.They pass on tradishines.
2.I knew about totem poles.

# data[].attributes.body
How many culters are ther

# data[].attributes.body
I want to know what other people do for fun

# data[].attributes.body
How did Indigenous people get water?

# data[].attributes.headline
 Interesting fact you would like to learn more about

# data[].attributes.subject
 Interesting fact you would like to learn more about

# data[].attributes.body
1. what the 7 teachings meant.
I.D

# data[].attributes.body
1. Myles was a boy.
2. He is an interesting person.
[O.W.]

# data[].attributes.body
1. I want to learn more of objects Myles can make.
[O.W.]

# data[].attributes.body
I knew what First Nation means.
I knew that peopole came before us and will quep kuming in the futre.

# data[].attributes.body
Celine

# data[].attributes.body
1. Myles likes playing hockey.
2. He lives in Manitoba.
3. They make dream catchers for their sleep.
4. Myles is 10 years old.
5. They eat ducks.

# data[].attributes.body
1.Dream catchers
2.Play drum
3.7 teaching
4.duck soup
Y.H

# data[].attributes.body
Do you just dip the bread in the soup to eat it?
How did he know how to make a drum?
What else recipe is a tradition?

# data[].attributes.body
I knew what the word indeginous ment.I knew that you can make a dream catchers.

# data[].attributes.body
I want to learn more about the recipes myles make.

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1.Autunm is a 11 year old gi